미국 인삼 (화기삼)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
📚 관련 논문 (24편)
1. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 May;48(5):599-609. doi: 10.1177/0091270008314252. Epub 2008 Mar 4. Possible differential induction of phase 2 enzyme and antioxidant pathways by american ginseng, Panax quinquefolius. Lee LS(1), Wise SD, Chan C, Parsons TL, Flexner C, Lietman PS. Author information: (1
2. J Surg Oncol. 1999 Dec;72(4):230-9. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9098(199912)72:4<230::aid-jso9>3.0.co;2-2. American ginseng and breast cancer therapeutic agents synergistically inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. Duda RB(1), Zhong Y, Navas V, Li MZ, Toy BR, Alavarez JG. Author information:
3. Nutr Neurosci. 2026 Feb;29(2):213-223. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2025.2555921. Epub 2025 Sep 29. Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) extract on human neurocognitive function: a review. Bell L(1), Fança-Berthon P(2), Cozannet RL(2), Ferguson D(3), Scholey A(4)(5), Williams C(1). Au
4. J Ginseng Res. 2021 Sep;45(5):546-554. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.005. Epub 2019 Nov 14. Effect of coadministration of enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) on cardiometabolic outcomes in type-2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Jovan
5. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Mar;49:102338. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102338. Epub 2020 Feb 12. Vascular effects of combined enriched Korean Red ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius) administration in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A randomized con
6. J Nutr Biochem. 2017 Jun;44:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.010. Epub 2016 Nov 23. Ginseng and obesity: observations and understanding in cultured cells, animals and humans. Zhang L(1), Virgous C(2), Si H(3). Author information: (1)Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee S
7. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Jan 15;159:55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.057. Epub 2014 Nov 4. Ethanol extraction preparation of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) and Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer): differential effects on postprandial insulinemia in healthy individuals. De
8. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Oct 28;150(1):148-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.015. Epub 2013 Aug 22. Effect of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on arterial stiffness in subjects with type-2 diabetes and concomitant hypertension. Mucalo I(1), Jovanovski E, Rahelić D, Božikov V, Romić Z, Vuk
9. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Oct;212(3):345-56. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1964-y. Epub 2010 Jul 31. Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on neurocognitive function: an acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Scholey A(1), Ossoukhova A, Owen L, Ibarr
1. Front Nutr. 2025 Jan 9;11:1496092. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1496092. eCollection 2024. Acute beneficial effects of a functional energy shot on cognitive performance and mood states during cognitively demanding task performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. O'Shea OK(1)(2), Lawley N(2), Azzopardi A(2), Gutkowski A(3), Niedziela MM(3), Horn R(3), Kennedy DO(4), Adamson J(2). Author information: (1)Research and Development, The Water Street Collective, London, United Kingdom. (2)Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, United Kingdom. (3)HCD Research, Flemington, NJ, United States. (4)Brain, Performance, Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. INTRODUCTION: Functional beverages are increasingly popular but it is important to validate their purported effects through research. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of a new functional energy shot on cognitive performance and mood states in healthy adults, with a focus on measuring mental energy enhancement and attenuation of negative effects associated with extended performance of mentally demanding tasks. METHODS: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Thirty-seven healthy males and females, aged 18-30 years, consumed a functional energy shot (Ryde: Energize) or placebo on separate testing occasions one-week apart. Participants completed cognitive and mood assessments pre-dose, and then 30 minutes post-dose over the course of approximately 2 hours. The functional energy shot contained caffeine, ginseng, vitamins and taurine, while the placebo shot was matched for flavor but did not contain these additional ingredients. RESULTS: Use of the functional energy shot was associated with significant improvements over placebo in cognitive performance, as measured by the Cognitive Demand Battery, with enhanced global performance, task-specific accuracy and speed across repeated assessments. Additionally, the shot mitigated negative effects associated with extended cognitive tasks, reducing perceived mental fatigue and increasing perceived alertness and energy. Working memory tasks showed faster performance post-consumption, and mood assessments revealed positive effects on vigor, fatigue and overall mood disturbance. DISCUSSION: These results indicate wide cognitive and mood effects of this functional energy shot, potentially attributable to synergistic combination of active ingredients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT06384586. Copyright © 2025 O’Shea, Lawley, Azzopardi, Gutkowski, Niedziela, Horn, Kennedy and Adamson. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1496092 PMCID: PMC11754061 PMID: 39850336 Conflict of interest statement: OO’S at the time of publication is an employee of The Water Street Collective (TWSC). NL, AA and JA are current employees of British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd (BAT). TWSC is the sponsor of this study and a wholly owned subsidiary of BAT that operates independently. OO’S, NL, AA and JA contributed to the design of the protocol, interpretation of the results and the writing of the paper, but had no role in the data collection or analysis. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
2. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Jul 10;42(20):2456-2487. doi: 10.1200/JCO.24.00541. Epub 2024 May 16. Management of Fatigue in Adult Survivors of Cancer: ASCO-Society for Integrative Oncology Guideline Update. Bower JE(1), Lacchetti C(2), Alici Y(3), Barton DL(4), Bruner D(5), Canin BE(6), Escalante CP(7), Ganz PA(1), Garland SN(8), Gupta S(9), Jim H(10), Ligibel JA(11), Loh KP(12), Peppone L(13), Tripathy D(7), Yennu S(7), Zick S(14), Mustian K(12). Author information: (1)University of California, Los Angeles, CA. (2)American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA. (3)Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. (4)University of Tennessee, College of Nursing, Knoxville, TN. (5)Emory University, Atlanta, GA. (6)Breast Cancer Options, Kingston, NY. (7)MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. (8)Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada. (9)Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ. (10)Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL. (11)Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA. (12)University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. (13)Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. (14)University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. PURPOSE: To update the ASCO guideline on the management of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in adult survivors of cancer. METHODS: A multidisciplinary panel of medical oncology, geriatric oncology, internal medicine, psychology, psychiatry, exercise oncology, integrative medicine, behavioral oncology, nursing, and advocacy experts was convened. Guideline development involved a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in 2013-2023. RESULTS: The evidence base consisted of 113 RCTs. Exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and mindfulness-based programs led to improvements in CRF both during and after the completion of cancer treatment. Tai chi, qigong, and American ginseng showed benefits during treatment, whereas yoga, acupressure, and moxibustion helped to manage CRF after completion of treatment. Use of other dietary supplements did not improve CRF during or after cancer treatment. In patients at the end of life, CBT and corticosteroids showed benefits. Certainty and quality of evidence were low to moderate for CRF management interventions. RECOMMENDATIONS: Clinicians should recommend exercise, CBT, mindfulness-based programs, and tai chi or qigong to reduce the severity of fatigue during cancer treatment. Psychoeducation and American ginseng may be recommended in adults undergoing cancer treatment. For survivors after completion of treatment, clinicians should recommend exercise, CBT, and mindfulness-based programs; in particular, CBT and mindfulness-based programs have shown efficacy for managing moderate to severe fatigue after treatment. Yoga, acupressure, and moxibustion may also be recommended. Patients at the end of life may be offered CBT and corticosteroids. Clinicians should not recommend L-carnitine, antidepressants, wakefulness agents, or routinely recommend psychostimulants to manage symptoms of CRF. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for or against other psychosocial, integrative, or pharmacological interventions for the management of fatigue.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/survivorship-guidelines. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.24.00541 PMCID: PMC12082589 PMID: 38754041 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: AUTHORS’ DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Disclosures provided by the authors are available with this article at DOI https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.24.00541.
3. Am J Chin Med. 2023;51(5):1085-1104. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X23500507. Epub 2023 Jun 30. Pharmacological Effects of Ginseng: Multiple Constituents and Multiple Actions on Humans. Zhou G(1), Wang CZ(1), Mohammadi S(1), Sawadogo WR(1), Ma Q(1)(2), Yuan CS(1)(3). Author information: (1)Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. (2)Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China. (3)Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Ginseng is a very commonly used natural product in the world, and its two main species are Asian ginseng and American ginseng. Ginseng is an adaptogenic botanical that reportedly protects the body against stress, stabilizes physiological processes, and restores homeostasis. Previously, different animal models and contemporary research methodologies have been used to reveal ginseng's biomedical activities in different body systems and the linked mechanisms of actions. However, human clinical observation data on ginseng effects have attracted more attention from the general public and medical community. In this paper, after an introduction of the phytochemistry of ginseng species, we review positive ginseng clinical studies, mainly conducted in developed countries, performed over the past 20 years. The reported effects of ginseng are presented in several sections, and conditions impacted by ginseng include diabetes; cardiovascular disorders; cognition, memory, and mood; the common cold and flu; cancer fatigue and well-being; quality of life and social functioning, etc. Administration of ginseng demonstrated a good safety record in humans. Although encouraging beneficial effects obtained from clinical data, using the study treatment regimen, the reported ginseng effects in general only ranged from mild to moderate. Nonetheless, these beneficial effects of ginseng could be a valuable add-on therapy for patients receiving standard drug treatments. Additionally, as a dietary supplement, ginseng possesses an important role in maintaining and promoting human health. We believe that the quality of future ginseng trials should be improved, particularly by providing detailed herbal phytochemistry and quality control information. With solid effectiveness data obtained from a well-designed, carefully executed ginseng clinical trial, this meritoriously herbal medicine will be widely used by consumers and patients. DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X23500507 PMID: 37385964 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
4. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2023491. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23491. Effects of α-Cyclodextrin on Cholesterol Control and Hydrolyzed Ginseng Extract on Glycemic Control in People With Prediabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bessell E(1), Fuller NR(1), Markovic TP(1)(2), Lau NS(1)(2), Burk J(1), Hendy C(1), Picone T(1), Li A(1)(3), Caterson ID(1)(2). Author information: (1)The Boden Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. (2)Metabolism and Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia. (3)Sydney Health Economics, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia. IMPORTANCE: Effective strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes are needed. Many people turn to complementary medicines, but there is little well-conducted scientific evidence to support their use. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of α-cyclodextrin for cholesterol control and that of hydrolyzed ginseng for glycemic control in people with prediabetes and overweight or obesity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, with a 2 × 2 factorial design, was conducted between July 2015 and October 2018 at 2 locations in Sydney, Australia. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older, had a body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 25 or higher, and had prediabetes within 6 months of study entry according to the American Diabetes Association guidelines. Data analysis was performed from May to August 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to 1 of 4 groups to take active or placebo versions of each supplement (α-cyclodextrin plus hydrolyzed ginseng, α-cyclodextrin plus placebo, placebo plus hydrolyzed ginseng, or placebo plus placebo) for 6 months. All participants received dietetic advice for weight loss. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcomes were the differences in total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose between groups after 6 months. The primary analysis used the intention-to-treat principle. Multiple predetermined subsample analyses were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 401 participants were eligible for the study (248 women [62%]; mean [SD] age, 53.5 [10.2] years; mean [SD] body mass index, 34.6 [6.2]). One hundred one patients were randomized to receive α-cyclodextrin plus hydrolyzed ginseng, 99 were randomized to receive α-cyclodextrin plus placebo, 101 were randomized to receive placebo plus hydrolyzed ginseng, and 100 were randomized to receive placebo plus placebo. For 200 participants taking α-cyclodextrin compared with 201 participants taking placebo, there was no difference in total cholesterol after 6 months (-1.5 mg/dL; 95% CI, -6.6 to 3.5 mg/dL; P = .51). For 202 participants taking hydrolyzed ginseng compared with 199 participants taking placebo, there was no difference in fasting plasma glucose after 6 months (0.0 mg/dL; 95% CI, -1.6 to 1.8 mg/dL; P = .95). Use of α-cyclodextrin was associated with constipation (16 participants vs 4 participants; P = .006) and cough (8 participants vs 1 participant; P = .02). Use of hydrolyzed ginseng was associated with rash and pruritus (13 participants vs 2 participants; P = .006). Only 37 of 401 participants (9.2%) experienced these adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although they are safe for use, there was no benefit found for either α-cyclodextrin for cholesterol control or hydrolyzed ginseng for glycemic control in people with prediabetes and overweight or obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Identifier: ACTRN12614001302640. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23491 PMCID: PMC7672512 PMID: 33201232 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Drs Fuller, Markovic, and Caterson reported receiving research grants for clinical trials funded by Novo Nordisk, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Australian Eggs Corporation, Zafgen, GlaxoSmithKline, Millendo, and Pfizer. Dr Fuller reported receiving royalties from Penguin Random House for 3 books, payments for lectures from Australian Eggs Corporation and Ausmed Education, and payments for consultancy from Novo Nordisk. Dr Markovic reported receiving payments for lectures and consultancy from Novo Nordisk and payments for consultancy from Nestle Health Science. Dr Caterson reported receiving payment for lectures from Novo Nordisk and chairs the ACTION IO Steering Committee (sponsored by Novo Nordisk). No other conflicts were reported.
5. Nutr Neurosci. 2021 Nov;24(11):873-884. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1690288. Epub 2019 Nov 18. Acute effects of combined Bacopa, American ginseng and whole coffee fruit on working memory and cerebral haemodynamic response of the prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Best T(1), Clarke C(1), Nuzum N(2), Teo WP(2)(3). Author information: (1)Department of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia. (2)Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. (3)Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. Objective: This study assessed whether a multi-ingredient herbal supplement containing Bacopa monniera (BM), Panax quinquefolius ginseng (PQ) and whole coffee fruit extract (WCFE) could enhance cognitive performance and cerebral-cortical activation during tasks of working memory and attention.Method: In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-group study, 40 healthy adults between 18-60 years (M = 34.46 SD = 12.95) completed tasks of working memory and attention at baseline and 45 min post active or placebo supplement consumption. During the cognitive testing, changes in hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were continuously measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).Results: Working memory task performance on the N-back task was significantly improved following active supplement consumption compared to placebo in terms of accuracy (p < .01) and response time (p < .05). Improved performance was associated with a reduction of PFC activation (p < .001) related to effortful mental demand, reflecting increased neural efficiency concomitant with improved cognitive performance. The effects were independent of background demographics variables and changes in blood glucose response and mood.Discussion: This is the first report of acute effects on cognitive performance in healthy adults following intake of a combined, multi-ingredient herbal supplement with concomitant changes in cerebral haemodynamic response. The potential synergistic effects of polyphenolic compounds on neurocognitive function and fNIRS use in nutritional intervention studies, poses a significant increase in the capacity to understand the effects of dietary compounds on the brain. DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1690288 PMID: 31736428 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
6. Trials. 2019 Jan 7;20(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-3032-6. Polyherbal dietary supplementation for prediabetic adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Feinberg T(1)(2), Wieland LS(3), Miller LE(4), Munir K(5), Pollin TI(6), Shuldiner AR(6), Amoils S(7), Gallagher L(7), Bahr-Robertson M(3), D'Adamo CR(3). Author information: (1)University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Termeh.Feinberg@yale.edu. (2)Yale University School of Medicine Center for Medical Informatics, New Haven, CT, USA. Termeh.Feinberg@yale.edu. (3)University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. (4)Miller Scientific Consulting, Asheville, NC, USA. (5)University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baltimore, MD, USA. (6)University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. (7)Alliance Integrative Medicine, Cincinatti, OH, USA. BACKGROUND: Prediabetes describes a state of hyperglycemia outside of normal limits that does not meet the criteria for diabetes diagnosis, is generally symptomless, and affects an estimated 38% of adults in the United States. Prediabetes typically precedes the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, which accounts for increased morbidity and mortality. Although the use of dietary and herbal supplements is popular worldwide, and a variety of single herbal medicines have been examined for glycemic management, the potential of increasingly common polyherbal formulations to return glycemic parameters to normal ranges among adults with prediabetes remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available, polyherbal dietary supplement on glycemic and lipid parameters in prediabetic individuals. METHODS: In this multi-site, double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial, 40 participants with prediabetes will be randomized to either a daily oral polyherbal dietary supplement (GlucoSupreme™ Herbal; Designs for Health®, Suffield, CT, USA; containing cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia), banaba leaf (Lagerstroemia speciosa standardized to 1% corosolic acid), kudzu root (Pueraria lobata standardized to 40% isoflavones), fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graceum standardized to 60% saponins), gymnema leaf (Gymnema sylvestre standardized to 25% gymnemic acid), American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolius standardized to 5% ginsenosides), and berberine HCl derived from bark (Berberis aristata)) or placebo for 12 weeks. Short-, medium-, and comparatively long-term markers of glycemic control (blood glucose and fasting insulin, fructosamine, and glycated hemoglobin/A1c, respectively), and other glycemic parameters (GlycoMark, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity/resistance) will be obtained. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides), inflammation (hs-CRP), progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as safety indices (ALT, AST) will be obtained. An intention-to-treat analysis will be used to assess changes in study outcomes. DISCUSSION: Treatment options for adults with prediabetes are currently limited. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a commercially available dietary supplement in the popular, but as yet insufficiently studied, category of polyherbal formulas for the management of glycemic parameters and other biomarkers associated with prediabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03388762 . Retrospectively registered on 4 January 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3032-6 PMCID: PMC6323847 PMID: 30616613 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: The trial has been approved by the University of Maryland School of Medicine IRB (#HP-00075768) and Western IRB (#20171220). CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: This manuscript and subsequent manuscripts will not contain any individual person’s data in any form. COMPETING INTERESTS: CD has received financial compensation for service on the Scientific Advisory Board of Designs for Health®. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
7. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Apr;28(2):219-28. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719773. American ginseng supplementation induces an oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Dickman JR(1), Koenig RT, Ji LL. Author information: (1)Department Of Kinesiology, University Of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether American ginseng (Panax Quinquefolium) confers antioxidant protection to postmenopausal women at rest and after a mild aerobic exercise session. METHODS: In this double-blinded parallel study, 12 female subjects (age range 55-75) consumed two capsules, containing 500 mg of dry American ginseng whole-root powder, everyday for 4 months, whereas 13 female control subjects of the same age range consumed two placebo capsules. Before and after the supplementation regimen each subject performed 30 minutes of treadmill walking on a 5% grade incline at an estimated 60% of VO(2)max. RESULTS: Ginseng supplementation had no effect on heart rate, blood pressure, plasma blood glucose, or lactate concentration at rest or immediately after exercise tests. The ginseng supplemented group displayed a higher resting plasma glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentration and lower glutathione (GSH):GSSG ratio, as well as a lower resting total antioxidant content (TAC). Plasma GSSG concentration decreased, whereas the GSH:GSSG ratio and TAC increased after exercise in all subjects. Furthermore, plasma malondialdehyde and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations were elevated in the ginseng-supplemented group. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and GSH reductase activities were increased after ginseng supplementation. The 30-minute treadmill walking, however, did not alter these changes. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that chronic American ginseng supplementation at the given dose can cause an oxidative stress in postmenopausal women, as reflected by the elevated oxidative damage markers and the increased erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719773 PMID: 19828907 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
8. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007 Feb;23(2):117-22. doi: 10.1080/09513590701200900. Phyto-Female Complex for the relief of hot flushes, night sweats and quality of sleep: randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study. Rotem C(1), Kaplan B. Author information: (1)Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva, Israel. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of the herbal formula Phyto-Female Complex (SupHerb, Netanya, Israel; ingredients: standardized extracts of black cohosh, dong quai, milk thistle, red clover, American ginseng, chaste-tree berry) for the relief of menopausal symptoms. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 50 healthy pre and postmenopausal women, aged 44-65 years, to whom oral Phyto-Female Complex or matched placebo was prescribed twice daily for 3 months. A structured questionnaire on the frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms was administered weekly from one week before throughout the 3-month treatment period, followed by biochemical tests, breast check, and transvaginal ultrasonography. RESULTS: The women receiving Phyto-Female Complex reported a significantly superior mean reduction in menopausal symptoms than the placebo group. The effect of treatment improvements in menopausal symptoms increased over time; by 3 months there was a 73% decrease in hot flushes and a 69% reduction of night sweats, accompanied by a decrease in their intensity and a significant benefit in terms of sleep quality. Hot flushes ceased completely in 47% of women in the study group compared with only 19% in the placebo group. There were no changes in findings on vaginal ultrasonography or levels of relevant hormones (estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone), liver enzymes or thyroid-stimulating hormone in either group. CONCLUSION: Phyto-Female Complex is safe and effective for the relief of hot flushes and sleep disturbances in pre- and postmenopausal women, at least for 3 months' use. DOI: 10.1080/09513590701200900 PMID: 17454163 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
9. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 14;11(34):5327-31. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i34.5327. American ginseng supplementation attenuates creatine kinase level induced by submaximal exercise in human beings. Hsu CC(1), Ho MC, Lin LC, Su B, Hsu MC. Author information: (1)Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National College of Physical Education and Sports, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, China. AIM: To investigate whether American ginseng (AG, Panax quinquefolium) supplementation was able to improve endurance exercise performance. METHODS: Thirteen physically active male college students were divided into two groups (AG or placebo) and received supplementation for 4 wk, before the exhaustive running exercise. Treadmill speed was increased to a pace equivalent to 80% VO2max of the subject. A 4-wk washout period followed before the subjects crossed over and received the alternate supplement for the next 4 wk. They then completed a second exhaustive running exercise. The physiological variables that were examined included time to exhaustion and oxygen pulse. Moreover, the plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate were measured prior to the exercise, at 15 and 30 min during exercise, immediately after exercise, and 20, 40, 60, and 120 min after exercise. RESULTS: The major finding of this investigation was that the production plasma CK during the exercise significantly decreased for group AG than for group P. Secondary physiological finding was that 80% VO2max running was not improved over a 4-wk AG supplementation regimen. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with AG for 4 wk prior to an exhaustive aerobic treadmill running reduced the leakage of CK during exercise, but did not enhance aerobic work capacity. The reduction of plasma CK may be due to the fact that AG is effective for the decrease of skeletal muscle cell membrane damage, induced by exercise during the high-intensity treadmill run. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i34.5327 PMCID: PMC4622803 PMID: 16149140 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
10. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jul 6;141(1):23-7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00011. Brief communication: American ginseng reduces warfarin's effect in healthy patients: a randomized, controlled Trial. Yuan CS(1), Wei G, Dey L, Karrison T, Nahlik L, Maleckar S, Kasza K, Ang-Lee M, Moss J. Author information: (1)Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Anticoagulation Consult Service, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. cyuan@uchicago.edu Comment in Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jul 6;141(1):I58. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00004. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7;141(11):893-4; author reply 894-5. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00030. BACKGROUND: People using prescription medication often concurrently take herbal supplements. In a case report, the anticoagulant effect of warfarin decreased after patients consumed ginseng. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interactions between American ginseng and warfarin. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: General Clinical Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. PARTICIPANTS: 20 healthy patients. INTERVENTION: In this 4-week study, 20 patients received warfarin for 3 days during weeks 1 and 4. Beginning in week 2, patients were assigned to receive either American ginseng or placebo. MEASUREMENTS: International normalized ratio (INR) and plasma warfarin level. RESULTS: The peak INR statistically significantly decreased after 2 weeks of ginseng administration compared with placebo (difference between ginseng and placebo, -0.19 [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.07]; P = 0.0012). The INR area under the curve (AUC), peak plasma warfarin level, and warfarin AUC were also statistically significantly reduced in the ginseng group as compared with the placebo group. Peak INR and peak plasma warfarin level were positively correlated. LIMITATIONS: The study sample consisted of young, healthy volunteers in a research setting rather than patients taking therapeutic doses of warfarin. CONCLUSIONS: American ginseng reduces warfarin's anticoagulant effect. When prescribing warfarin, physicians should ask patients about ginseng use. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00011 PMID: 15238367 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
11. Menopause. 2004 Jan-Feb;11(1):11-33. doi: 10.1097/01.GME.0000108177.85442.71. Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. North American Menopause Society. OBJECTIVE: To create an evidence-based position statement regarding the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. DESIGN: The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) enlisted clinicians and researchers acknowledged to be experts in the field of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms to review the evidence obtained from the medical literature and develop a document for final approval by the NAMS Board of Trustees. RESULTS: For mild hot flashes, lifestyle-related strategies such as keeping the core body temperature cool, participating in regular exercise, and using paced respiration have shown some efficacy without adverse effects. Among nonprescription remedies, clinical trial results are insufficient to either support or refute efficacy for soy foods and isoflavone supplements (from either soy or red clover), black cohosh, or vitamin E; however, no serious side effects have been associated with short-term use of these therapies. Single clinical trials have found no benefit for dong quai, evening primrose oil, ginseng, a Chinese herbal mixture, acupuncture, or magnet therapy. Few data support the efficacy of topical progesterone cream; safety concerns should be the same as for other progestogen preparations. No clinical trials have been conducted on the use of licorice for hot flashes. Among nonhormonal prescription options, the antidepressants venlafaxine, paroxetine, and fluoxetine and the anticonvulsant gabapentin have demonstrated some efficacy for treating hot flashes and were well tolerated. Two antihypertensive agents, clonidine and methyldopa, have shown modest efficacy but with a relatively high rate of adverse effects. For moderate to severe hot flashes, systemic estrogen therapy, either alone (ET) or combined with progestogen (EPT) or in the form of estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives, has been shown to significantly reduce hot flash frequency and severity. Clinical trials have associated ET/EPT with adverse effects, including breast cancer, stroke, and thromboembolism. Several progestogens (both oral and intramuscular formulations) have shown efficacy in treating hot flashes, including women with a history of breast cancer, although no definitive data are available on long-term safety in these women. CONCLUSIONS: In women who need relief for mild vasomotor symptoms, NAMS recommends first considering lifestyle changes, either alone or combined with a nonprescription remedy, such as dietary isoflavones, black cohosh, or vitamin E. Prescription systemic estrogen-containing products remain the therapeutic standard for moderate to severe menopause-related hot flashes. Recommended options for women with concerns or contraindications relating to estrogen-containing treatments include prescription progestogens, venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, or gabapentin. Clinicians are advised to enlist women's participation in decision making when weighing the benefits, harms, and scientific uncertainties of therapeutic options. Regardless of the management strategy adopted, treatment should be periodically reassessed as menopause-related vasomotor symptoms will abate over time without any intervention in most women. DOI: 10.1097/01.GME.0000108177.85442.71 PMID: 14716179 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
12. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 May;188(5 Suppl):S44-55. doi: 10.1067/mob.2003.402. Herbs commonly used by women: an evidence-based review. Tesch BJ(1). Author information: (1)Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA. OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence of herbs commonly used by women. DATA SOURCES: Articles were located by searching Medline, Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, and the Combined Health Information Database and by hand searching the reference lists of recent systematic reviews. The databases were searched in January 2000 and October 2000 by using the Latin and common name of each herb. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Preference was given to randomized, placebo-controlled trials. When available, English language studies were reviewed. If not, data are presented from review articles that summarize the foreign study. RESULTS: Many women use herbal therapies. In the United States, herbs are considered dietary supplements. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot remove them from the market unless they are proven unsafe. The herb industry plans to improve monitoring. Many prospective randomized controlled trials are being funded. Gingko biloba seems to slow the progression of dementia but increases the risk of bleeding. St John's Wort is efficacious for treating mild to moderate depression but has many drug interactions. Ginseng seems to improve well being in perimenopausal women, but it is often impure and has side effects and drug interactions. Garlic slightly lowers blood pressure and lipids. Echinacea slightly decreases the duration of colds but does not prevent them. Valerian is beneficial for insomnia, but there is no long-term safety data. Black cohosh may help the symptoms of perimenopause, and chasteberry may improve premenstrual syndrome. More study is needed on both herbs. CONCLUSION: Some herbs are medically useful, but the American public would benefit from increased regulation. Manufacturers should be able to ensure that herbs contain pure ingredients. Side effects and drug interactions should be listed. Well-designed studies are being conducted. The results will be helpful to physicians and patients when the clinical evidence becomes available. DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.402 PMID: 12748451 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
13. Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1277-94. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Yeh GY(1), Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS. Author information: (1)Division for Research and Education in Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. gyeh@caregroup.harvard.edu OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the published literature on the efficacy and safety of herbal therapies and vitamin/mineral supplements for glucose control in patients with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted an electronic literature search of MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Cochrane Library Database, and HealthSTAR, from database inception to May 2002, in addition to performing hand searches and consulting with experts in the field. Available clinical studies published in the English language that used human participants and examined glycemic control were included. Data were extracted in a standardized manner, and two independent investigators assessed methodological quality of randomized controlled trials using the Jadad scale. RESULTS: A total of 108 trials examining 36 herbs (single or in combination) and 9 vitamin/mineral supplements, involving 4,565 patients with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There were 58 controlled clinical trials involving individuals with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (42 randomized and 16 nonrandomized trials). Most studies involved patients with type 2 diabetes. Heterogeneity and the small number of studies per supplement precluded formal meta-analyses. Of these 58 trials, the direction of the evidence for improved glucose control was positive in 76% (44 of 58). Very few adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: There is still insufficient evidence to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of individual herbs and supplements for diabetes; however, they appear to be generally safe. The available data suggest that several supplements may warrant further study. The best evidence for efficacy from adequately designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is available for Coccinia indica and American ginseng. Chromium has been the most widely studied supplement. Other supplements with positive preliminary results include Gymnema sylvestre, Aloe vera, vanadium, Momordica charantia, and nopal. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277 PMID: 12663610 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
14. Dis Mon. 2002 Oct;48(10):671-96. Herbs commonly used by women: an evidence-based review. Tesch BJ. OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence of herbs commonly used by women. DATA SOURCES: Articles were located by searching Medline, Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, and the Combined Health Information Database and by hand searching the reference lists of recent systematic reviews. The databases were searched in January 2000 and October 2000 by using the Latin and common name of each herb. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Preference was given to randomized, placebo-controlled trials. When available, English language studies were reviewed. If not, data are presented from review articles that summarize the foreign study. RESULTS: Many women use herbal therapies. In the United States, herbs are considered dietary supplements. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot remove them from the market unless they are proven unsafe. The herb industry plans to improve monitoring. Many prospective randomized controlled trials are being funded. Gingko biloba seems to slow the progression of dementia but increases the risk of bleeding. St John's Wort is efficacious for treating mild to moderate depression but has many drug interactions. Ginseng seems to improve well being in perimenopausal women, but it is often impure and has side effects and drug interactions. Garlic slightly lowers blood pressure and lipids. Echinacea slightly decreases the duration of colds but does not prevent them. Valerian is beneficial for insomnia, but there is no long-term safety data. Black cohosh may help the symptoms of perimenopause, and chasteberry may improve premenstrual syndrome. More study is needed on both herbs. CONCLUSION: Some herbs are medically useful, but the American public would benefit from increased regulation. Manufacturers should be able to ensure that herbs contain pure ingredients. Side effects and drug interactions should be listed. Well-designed studies are being conducted. The results will be helpful to physicians and patients when the clinical evidence becomes available. PMID: 12562054 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
15. Am J Manag Care. 2002 Mar;8(3):270-85; quiz 286-8. Use of alternative pharmacotherapy in management of cardiovascular diseases. Chagan L(1), Ioselovich A, Asherova L, Cheng JW. Author information: (1)Shore Health System, Easton, MD, USA. OBJECTIVES: To review use of alternative pharmacotherapy (AP) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and significant drug interactions between AP and traditional CVD medications. STUDY DESIGN: A literature search of MEDLINE and the National Complementary and Alternative Medicine database was done using these search terms: supplements, vitamins, garlic, fish oil, L-arginine, soy, coenzyme Q10, herbs, phytosterols, chelation therapy, alternative medicine, and CVD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: English human clinical trials measuring surrogate and clinical end points. RESULTS: Antioxidants have not been consistently proven beneficial in reducing cardiovascular mortality. Fish oils may be beneficial in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, but therapeutic doses need to be defined. Use of coenzyme Q10 in patients with heart failure has not demonstrated consistent benefits. Garlic may lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, but also may increase bleeding, so its use in CVD patients should be monitored. Clinical studies with small sample sizes have demonstrated that L-arginine may be useful to prevent and treat CVD. The Food and Drug Administration recommends 25 g/day of soy protein as part of a diet low in saturated fats for cholesterol reduction. Plant sterols are recommended by the American Heart Association and the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel as adjunct therapy to reduce low-density lipoprotein. No data support use of chelation therapy. Some APs interact with common prescription CVD medications (eg, gingko and ginseng with warfarin, St. John's Wort with digoxin). CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of APs as part of the treatment for CVD are controversial. Routine use is not recommended. PMID: 11924555 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
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