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Pre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic Review.

1. Nutrients. 2021 May 30;13(6):1872. doi: 10.3390/nu13061872. Pre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic Review. Dela Cruz J(1), Kahan D(1). Author information: (1)School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA. P

Effects of protein sources at sahur on anaerobic power and strength during Ramadan in combat sport athletes: A single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover study design.

1. PLoS One. 2026 Mar 13;21(3):e0340961. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0340961. eCollection 2026. Effects of protein sources at sahur on anaerobic power and strength during Ramadan in combat sport athletes: A single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover study design. Demirli A(1), Ulupınar S(2), Işım AT(1), Kesler A(1), Terzi M(3), Gençoğlu C(2), Özbay S(2), Ionel M(4), Ouergui I(5)(6), Ardigò LP(7). Author information: (1)Faculty of Sports Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey. (2)Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey. (3)Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey. (4)Ovidius University of Constanța, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Constanta, Romania. (5)High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia. (6)Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia. (7)Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway. This study investigated the acute effects of different protein sources consumed at sahur on anaerobic power and strength performances in trained male combat sport athletes during Ramadan fasting. Using a single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover study design, 24 male combat sports' athletes (mean age: 27.3 ± 3.8 years, Tier 3 national level) completed four experimental conditions: (1) non-fasting control, (2) fasting + placebo (maltodextrin), (3) fasting + whey protein isolate (WPI), and (4) fasting + micellar casein (MC). In each condition, a standardized sahur meal (6.3-7.7 kcal/kg body weight) and supplementation (0.4 g/kg for WPI/MC and 0.4 g/kg for Placebo) were administered. Physical Performances was assessed 11-13 hours post-sahur (or 3-5 hours post-lunch for control) including the Wingate anaerobic test, bench press, leg press, and countermovement jump (CMJ), and handgrip strength tests. Ramadan fasting significantly lowered Wingate peak power, mean power, and bench press strength compared to the non-fasting control. MC supplementation reduced these declines, outperforming WPI and the placebo in peak power and mean power, and surpassing the placebo in bench press strength, although not WPI. Leg press, countermovement jump, and handgrip strength showed no significant differences across conditions. MC supplementation at sahur provides partial protection against fasting-induced declines in anaerobic power and upper body endurance, but does not fully restore performance to non-fasting levels. These findings emphasize the importance of protein timing and selection in mitigating performance decrements during Ramadan fasting, highlighting the need for further research on optimal nutritional strategies for athletes training and competing under fasting conditions. Copyright: © 2026 Demirli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0340961 PMCID: PMC12987419 PMID: 41824520 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Casein Supplementation Timing and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players: Pre-Sleep vs. Post-Exercise Intake-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

2. Nutrients. 2025 Dec 17;17(24):3938. doi: 10.3390/nu17243938. Casein Supplementation Timing and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players: Pre-Sleep vs. Post-Exercise Intake-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Bayrakdaroğlu S(1), Ateş ZH(1), Ceylan Hİ(2), Kul M(3), Muntean RI(4), Dhahbi W(5)(6). Author information: (1)Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gümüşhane University, Gumushane 29100, Türkiye. (2)Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25100, Türkiye. (3)Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bayburt University, Bayburt 69000, Türkiye. (4)Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University "1 Decembrie 1918" of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania. (5)Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia. (6)Training Department, Police College, Qatar Police Academy, Doha 7157, Qatar. Background: Nutrient timing strategies may influence recovery and performance in athletes; however, the effects of ingesting casein protein before sleep versus immediately after exercise remain unclear. This study compared the acute effects of pre-sleep and post-exercise ingestion of casein on high-intensity anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players. Methods: Twenty-four highly trained male soccer players (mean age: 20.6 ± 1.8 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: post-exercise casein ingestion group (PECIG; n = 8), pre-sleep casein ingestion group (PSCIG; n = 8), and control group (CG; n = 8). Following a standardized high-intensity resistance training protocol, participants consumed 30 g of micellar casein dissolved in 300 mL of water either immediately after exercise or 30-60 min before bedtime. Performance was assessed using the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), the Illinois Agility Test (IAT), and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), which were conducted both before and 24 h after the training session. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant group-by-time effects for CMJ (F = 8.21, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.36) and RAST performance variables, including peak power (F = 6.94, p = 0.003, η2p = 0.32), mean power (F = 7.42, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.34), and fatigue index (F = 5.87, p = 0.008, η2p = 0.28). Post hoc analyses showed that PSCIG significantly improved CMJ (Δ = +1.45 cm; p < 0.001, d = 2.04) and RAST mean power (Δ = +125.14 W; p = 0.002, d = 1.55) compared with the control condition. PECIG significantly enhanced RAST peak power (Δ = +205.79 W; p = 0.001, d = 1.64), mean power (Δ = +128.43 W; p = 0.013, d = 1.24), and fatigue index (Δ = +4.12 W/s; p = 0.010, d = 1.29) relative to CG. No performance differences were observed between PSCIG and PECIG timing conditions (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both pre-sleep and post-exercise casein ingestion enhanced anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players, with each timing method favoring different performance outcomes. However, neither strategy demonstrated superiority over the other, suggesting that casein timing may be flexibly applied according to athletes' preferences and training contexts. DOI: 10.3390/nu17243938 PMCID: PMC12736171 PMID: 41470882 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Effects of Supplementation with Milk Proteins on Body Composition and Anthropometric Parameters: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

3. Nutrients. 2025 Dec 12;17(24):3877. doi: 10.3390/nu17243877. Effects of Supplementation with Milk Proteins on Body Composition and Anthropometric Parameters: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Mohammadi S(1), Ashtary-Larky D(2), Alaghemand N(2), Alnsour AF(3), Shokouhifar S(4), Borzabadi A(5), Mehrbod M(6), Candow DG(7), Forbes SC(8), Antonio J(9), Suzuki K(10), Asbaghi O(11). Author information: (1)Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. (2)Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran. (3)San Dimas Community Hospital, San Dimas, CA 91773, USA. (4)Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran. (5)Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149969415, Iran. (6)Department of Internal Medicine, Mercy San Juan Medical Center, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA. (7)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada. (8)Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada. (9)Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 32004, USA. (10)Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan. (11)Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran. Background/Objectives: There is no consensus regarding the impacts of supplementation with milk proteins (MPs) on body composition (BC). This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessed the effects of MP, casein protein (CP), and whey protein (WP) supplementation on BC and anthropometric parameters. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in several databases to identify eligible RCTs published until October 2025. Random-effects models were applied to estimate the pooled effects of MP supplementation on anthropometric parameters. Results: A total of 150 RCTs were included. MP supplementation substantially increased lean body mass (LBM) (weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.41 kg; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.62; p < 0.001) and fat-free mass (FFM) (WMD: 0.67 kg; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.94; p < 0.001). It also significantly reduced body fat percentage (BFP) (WMD: -0.66%; 95% CI: -1.03, -0.28; p = 0.001), fat mass (FM) (WMD: -0.66 kg; 95% CI: -0.91, -0.41; p < 0.001), and waist circumference (WC) (WMD: -0.69 cm; 95% CI: -1.16, -0.22; p = 0.004). No considerable effects were observed for muscle mass (MM), body mass index (BMI), and body weight (BW). Dose-response analysis revealed that MP dosage was associated with significant changes in BFP, LBM, and MM. Conclusions: MP supplementation was associated with favorable modifications in body composition, including increases in LBM and FFM, as well as reductions in FM, BFP, and WC. These findings provide coherent and consistent evidence supporting the potential role of MP supplementation in targeted body composition management. DOI: 10.3390/nu17243877 PMCID: PMC12736298 PMID: 41470822 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: S.C.F. is a scientific advisor for Bear Balanced®, has received creatine donations from Creapure® for research purposes, and is a sports nutrition advisor for the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN). J.A. is the CEO and co-founder of the ISSN, an academic non-profit organization that has received sponsorship from companies involved in dietary supplement manufacturing and marketing. He also serves as a scientific advisor to several brands, including Forbes®, Bear Balanced®, Create®, Liquid Youth®, Algae to Omega™, and ENHANCED Games®. D.A.-L. is professionally involved in the health and nutrition industry, including work related to dietary products and supplements; however, no commercial interests influenced the design, analysis, or interpretation of this study. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Associations of high protein supplements with gut microbiota and skeletal muscle mass in hospitalized older people.

4. BMC Geriatr. 2025 Dec 5;25(1):998. doi: 10.1186/s12877-025-06546-9. Associations of high protein supplements with gut microbiota and skeletal muscle mass in hospitalized older people. Chen Y(#)(1), Wang Y(#)(2), Ran W(1), Lai X(3), Yuan Z(4), Zhu Y(2), Zheng H(5), Wang Y(6). Author information: (1)Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China. (2)Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, 200032, China. (3)School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China. (4)KangLeNianHua elderly care institutions, Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China. (5)Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, 200032, China. zhenghj@chgc.sh.cn. (6)Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China. 18916484569@163.com. (#)Contributed equally BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Prolonged bed rest is highly prevalent among hospitalized older adults and markedly accelerates the loss of muscle mass and physical function. Currently, there are no effective interventions to counteract this decline, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to investigate whether high protein intake can simultaneously modulate muscle mass and the gut microbiota, and whether gut microbial composition mediates muscle regulation in hospitalized older people. METHODS: A self-controlled study was conducted on 43 older patients aged 60 to 90 years old with low skeletal muscle mass. During the 3-month intervention phase, all participants received approximately 36 g of high-protein supplementation daily, comprising both casein and whey proteins. This was followed by a 3-month control phase in which participants received standard nursing care without protein supplementation. RESULTS: A significant increase in skeletal muscle mass index from baseline was seen in male group at 3 months (6.0-6.3 kg/m2) but declined to 6.1 kg/m2 at 6 months (P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in females (P > 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis revealed that bacterial diversity and microbial structure were affected by protein supplementation and differed by sex. Males exhibited a greater abundance of SMI- and SMM-associated beneficial bacteria following protein intake. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analysis indicated that microbial functions related to amino acid synthesis were positively correlated with SMI-linked species such as Blautia wexlerae and Corynebacterium dentalis. CONCLUSIONS: High-protein supplementation may promote muscle anabolism in hospitalized older males by modulating the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota, specifically by enhancing microbial pathways related to amino acid synthesis. These results suggest the presence of a gut-muscle axis and highlight the potential of targeted protein interventions to counteract inactivity-related muscle loss in older patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with identifier ChiCTR2400085432 on 07/06/2024. © 2025. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1186/s12877-025-06546-9 PMCID: PMC12681135 PMID: 41350981 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and approved by ethics committee of Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital (2021114-001). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Impact of quantity and source of dietary protein intake within a healthy dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease risk factors in Singapore older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

5. Food Funct. 2025 Dec 8;16(24):9533-9544. doi: 10.1039/d5fo03817k. Impact of quantity and source of dietary protein intake within a healthy dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease risk factors in Singapore older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Yao Y(1), Mak IE(1), Sutanto CN(1), Leong ZN(1), He Q(1), Pahwa U(1), Ling LH(2)(3), Khoo CM(4), Ackers-Johnson MA(5), Foo RS(5), Kim JE(1)(6). Author information: (1)Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. fstkje@nus.edu.sg. (2)Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. (3)Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore. (4)Division of Endocrinology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore. (5)Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. (6)Bezos Center for Sustainable Protein, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Background: A higher protein diet (HPD) is recommended for older adults to support their muscle mass maintenance, but its cardiovascular protective effects in this population remain controversial, potentially due to differences in protein sources. Objective: To investigate the effects of HPDs with different sources within a healthy dietary pattern (HDP) on conventional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and vascular health-related outcomes in Singapore older adults. Methods: In this 16-week randomized controlled trial, 55 participants were assigned to one of the three groups: following a HDP alone (Control, n = 19), following a HDP supplemented with 20 g day-1 of either casein protein isolate powder (HPD-CP, n = 18) or soy protein isolate powder (HPD-SP, n = 18). Blood pressure, lipid-lipoprotein profiles and composite CVD risk indicators were evaluated at the baseline and post-intervention. Parameters of vascular function (flow-mediated dilation) and vascular regeneration (endothelial progenitor cell percentage and blood outgrowth cell functions) were also assessed. Results: The Control group exhibited significant increases in triglyceride levels (+0.33 ± 0.1 mmol L-1) and composite CVD risks (atherogenic index: +0.31 ± 0.11; Framingham predicted long-term CVD risk: +0.8 ± 0.43%). In contrast, both HPD groups showed maintenance of the lipid-lipoprotein profile and CVD risk predictors, with further significant reduction in the total cholesterol level in the HPD-SP group (-0.28 ± 0.12 mmol L-1). All groups showed significant increases in CD34+ cell expression, and particularly, the HPD-SP group demonstrated potential to enhance the angiogenic capacity of blood outgrowth endothelial cells. However, no changes were observed in other vascular functions and vascular regeneration parameters. Conclusions: Adherence to an HPD, particularly from soy protein, within an HDP supports the maintenance of the lipid-lipoprotein profile and CVD risk predictors among Singapore older adults. These findings highlight HPD as a potential dietary strategy to promote cardiovascular health when adhering to an HDP in older adults; however, the source of protein may influence its effectiveness. This study was registered at clinicatrials.gov as NCT05400005. DOI: 10.1039/d5fo03817k PMID: 41284351 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Probiotic Supplementation as Strategies to Modulate Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

6. Nutrients. 2025 Aug 18;17(16):2664. doi: 10.3390/nu17162664. Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Probiotic Supplementation as Strategies to Modulate Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Naranjo-Galvis CA(1), Trejos-Gallego DM(2)(3), Correa-Salazar C(3), Triviño-Valencia J(1), Valencia-Buitrago M(1), Ruiz-Pulecio AF(1), Méndez-Ramírez LF(1), Zabaleta J(4), Meñaca-Puentes MA(5), Ruiz-Villa CA(5), Orjuela-Rodriguez M(6), Carmona-Hernández JC(7), Salamanca-Duque LM(1). Author information: (1)Facultad de Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Antigua estación del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia. (2)Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia. (3)Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia. (4)Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. (5)Facultad de Inteligencia Artificial e Ingeniería, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia. (6)Centro de Bioinformática y Biologia Computacional de Colombia (BIOS), Manizales 170004, Colombia. (7)Grupo de Investigación Médica, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia. Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with behavioral and cognitive impairments. Increasing evidence also links ASD with systemic immune dysregulation, including abnormal cytokine profiles and chronic low-grade inflammation. Emerging evidence suggests that targeted dietary strategies and probiotic supplementation may modulate immune responses and gut-brain interactions in patients with ASD. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of a structured anti-inflammatory diet (NeuroGutPlus) compared to multi-strain probiotics in children with ASD. NeuroGutPlus is a nutritionally complete anti-inflammatory dietary protocol that targets gut integrity, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It includes a diet low in gluten, FODMAPs, casein, and artificial additives, and a high intake of omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, and fermentable fibers. Methods: A total of 30 children with ASD and 12 neurotypical controls were enrolled in a 12-week randomized controlled nutritional trial. Participants received either a NeuroGutPlus anti-inflammatory diet, probiotic supplementation (16 strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), or no intervention. Plasma levels of 20 cytokines and chemokines were measured pre- and post-intervention using multiplex Luminex immunoassays. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore shifts in the immune profile. Results: Patients treated with the NeuroGutPlus diet significantly reduced IFN-γ levels (p = 0.0090) and showed a stabilizing effect on immune profiles, as evidenced by PCA clustering. Probiotic supplementation led to a significant increase in IL-8 (+66.6 pg/mL; p = 0.0350) and MIP-1β (+74.5 pg/mL; p = 0.0100), along with a decrease in IFN-γ (p = 0.0070), suggesting reconfiguration of innate immune responses. Eight out of eleven biomarkers showed significant post-intervention differences between groups, indicating distinct immunological effects. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that anti-inflammatory diets exert broader and more consistent immunoregulatory effects than probiotics alone in children with ASD. These findings support the inclusion of precision dietary strategies as non-pharmacological interventions to mitigate immune-related dysfunction in patients with ASD. DOI: 10.3390/nu17162664 PMCID: PMC12389058 PMID: 40871692 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the study design; collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; writing of the manuscript; or decision to publish the results.

Impacts of Milk Protein Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

7. Nutr Rev. 2026 Apr 1;84(4):706-733. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaf068. Impacts of Milk Protein Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mohammadi S(1), Ashtary-Larky D(2), Beyki M(3), Kouhi Sough N(4), Alaghemand N(2), Amirani N(5), Salehi Omran H(6), Dolatshahi S(6), Asbaghi O(7). Author information: (1)Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. (2)Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran. (3)Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran. (4)Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj 7591741417, Iran. (5)Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran. (6)Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran. (7)Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran. CONTEXT: It has been proposed that supplementation with milk protein (MP) may ameliorate lipid profiles, lower blood pressure (BP), reduce oxidative stress (OS), and regulate liver enzyme levels to prevent cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the impacts of casein protein, whey protein, and MP supplementation on lipid profiles, BP, OS, and liver enzymes in adults. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search strategy was developed to determine relevant RCTs published up to September 2024 among several databases (Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). DATA EXTRACTION: The extracted data comprised a range of trial characteristics, including the study design, sample size, demographic data of participants, trial duration, pre- and post-assessments of the outcomes, and the dosage of MP supplements. DATA ANALYSIS: A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to determine the effects of MP supplementation on the measured outcomes. Heterogeneity across the trials was evaluated using the I2 statistic and Cochran's Q tests. The pooled analysis of 65 RCTs revealed that MP supplementation significantly reduced levels of total cholesterol (TC) (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -4.03 mg/dL; 95% CI: -7.91, -0.16; P = .042), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.99 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.16, -0.82; P < .001), and triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -6.11 mg/dL; 95% CI: -9.78, -2.44; P = .001) in the MP group compared with the untreated group. However, there were no statistically substantial impacts on diastolic blood pressure, serum levels of glutathione, nitric oxide, apolipoprotein (Apo) A, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, Apo B, alanine transaminase, malondialdehyde, aspartate transaminase, and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with MP may have hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects, as indicated by reductions in SBP, TG, and TC. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024621220. © The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaf068 PMID: 40471664 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players.

8. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2025 Dec;22(1):2505184. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2025.2505184. Epub 2025 May 12. Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players. Sadeghi R(1), Hemmatinafar M(1), Eftekhari F(1), Imanian B(1), Koureshfard N(1). Author information: (1)Shiraz University, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz, Iran. BACKGROUND: Probiotics comprise various strains that offer numerous health benefits. Researchers have recently focused on the relationship between probiotic consumption and improved gut microbiota function, enhanced digestion, increased nutrient absorption, and enhanced sports performance. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of pre-sleep casein intake, coupled with probiotic strains, on soccer players' anaerobic power, lower-body-specific strength, and power performance. METHODS: A randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study was conducted with forty-four male soccer players (Age: 22.81 ± 2.76 years, Height: 177.90 ± 6.75 cm, Weight: 67.42 ± 8.44 kg). The participants underwent the isokinetic strength, Wall-squat, and running-based anaerobic sprint (RAST) tests initially; then, they were randomly divided into four groups: probiotics (PRO), casein (CAS), probiotics with casein (PRO+CAS), and placebo (PLA). The PRO groups were given one probiotic capsule (containing eight bacterial strains: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BP06, Lacticaseibacillus casei BP07, Lactobacillus acidophilus BA05, Lactobacillus bulgaricus BD08, Bifidobacterium infantis BI04, Bifidobacterium longum BL03, Bifidobacterium breve BB02, and Streptococcus thermophilus BT01, with a total dose of 4.5 × 1011 CFU) during dinner, while the CAS groups consumed 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The PRO+CAS group was given one probiotic capsule during dinner and 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The participants in the PLA group were given one red capsule (containing 5 grams of starch) during dinner. All participants were instructed to take the supplements only on training days, three times a week for four weeks. Additionally, isokinetic strength parameters, including absolute peak torque (APT) and average rate of force development (AvRFD), were measured for the knee extensors (ext) and flexors (flx) muscles (concentric phase at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s, using the dominant leg). One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or Quade tests with a significance level of p < 0.05 was used to analyze the collected data. RESULT: The current study's findings indicated that APT-180°/s (ext) significantly increased in CAS (p = 0.008) and PRO+CAS (p = 0.003) compared to PLA. Additionally, the AvRFD-180°/s (ext) increased significantly in the PRO compared to the PLA (p = 0.007). Also, the AvRFD-60°/s (flx) increased significantly in the PRO+CAS group compared to the PLA (p = 0.014), CAS (p = 0.001), and PRO (p = 0.007). Furthermore, the AvRFD-180°/s (flx) increased significantly in the PRO+CAS compared to the CAS (p = 0.010). Moreover, the RAST average power increased dramatically in PRO+CAS compared to PLA (p = 0.003) and CAS (p = 0.02). Additionally, the Wall-squat test demonstrated a significant increase in PRO+CAS compared to PLA (p = 0.001) and PRO (p = 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the APT-60°/s (ext&flx), APT-180°/s (flx), and AvRFD-60°/s (ext) between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The simultaneous consumption of casein and probiotics significantly improved anaerobic power, isokinetic strength, and lower-body muscular endurance in male soccer players. These enhancements were more pronounced than those observed with casein or probiotics alone, as supported by statistical significance and effect sizes. The findings suggest a synergistic benefit of combined supplementation for athletic performance. DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2025.2505184 PMCID: PMC12077483 PMID: 40353739 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

The impact of sex and the cheese matrix on cholesterol metabolism in middle-aged adults.

9. Atherosclerosis. 2025 Mar;402:119112. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119112. Epub 2025 Jan 31. The impact of sex and the cheese matrix on cholesterol metabolism in middle-aged adults. Rooney M(1), O'Connor A(1), Dunne S(1), Feeney EL(1), Gibney ER(2). Author information: (1)Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, 4, Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University College Dublin, 4, Dublin, Ireland. (2)Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, 4, Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University College Dublin, 4, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: eileen.gibney@ucd.ie. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cheese has been shown to lower total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, despite being a source of saturated fat. The dairy matrix is purported to be responsible for this effect. There is increasing recognition of sexual dimorphism in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in addition to sex-related differences in response to nutrition interventions. This analysis aims to explore the effect of sex on the cholesterol-lowering effect of cheese compared to butter. METHODS: The present study is secondary analysis of pooled data from two parallel-arm randomised controlled trials (RCT) with similar protocols, where participants (n 197, 41.6 % male) received either 120g cheese (n 104) or deconstructed cheese (49g butter, 30g calcium caseinate and a calcium supplement, n 93) for 6 weeks. Each arm provided ∼40g fat per day. RESULTS: In the group as a whole, cheese was found to lower total and LDL cholesterol, compared to deconstructed cheese. No sex × treatment interactions were observed although, within-sex analysis found men and women to respond differently. Within males, cholesterol concentrations decreased in response to dairy fat. Within the female group cheese lowered total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, whereas deconstructed cheese was found to increase the same lipid markers. CONCLUSIONS: Cheese was found to lower cholesterol concentrations in the cohort as a whole, while men and women were found to respond differently to dairy fat. Females appear to respond more favourably to cheese compared to deconstructed cheese. These findings indicate the cheese matrix may have a stronger effect in females and thus may play a role in personalised nutrition. Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119112 PMID: 39923541 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: This study was supported by Food for Health Ireland, from Enterprise Ireland (TC-2013-001 and TC-2018-0025 to ERG and ELF). The funders had no role in the analyses or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the findings. No other financial interests or personal relationships to declare.

A 12-months randomized clinical trial comparing fluoride-based remineralising protocols on post-orthodontic initial caries lesions.

10. Clin Oral Investig. 2025 Feb 5;29(2):111. doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06172-0. A 12-months randomized clinical trial comparing fluoride-based remineralising protocols on post-orthodontic initial caries lesions. Wan Hassan WN(1), Tee YY(2), Md Razali K(2), Abdul Razak AA(2), Lim HH(2), Zakaria N(3), Sukumaran P(4), Mohd Tahir NNZ(3), Chew HP(5). Author information: (1)Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. wannurazreena@um.edu.my. (2)Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (3)Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (4)Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. (5)Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Malcolm Moos Health Sciences Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. OBJECTIVES: To compare the long-term remineralization of initial caries lesion (ICL) treated with different remineralizing agents during orthodontic retention using optical coherence tomography (OCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomised clinical trial recruited 30 patients on fixed appliances with at least one ICL labially on any maxillary incisor. At debond (baseline), they were allocated to three groups, where twice daily fluoride toothpaste was given: (1) as control; (2) supplemented with daily casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF); or (3) supplemented with three-monthly professional applied fluoride varnish (FV). Primary outcome was the OCT backscatter reflectance changes of the ICL, measured as integrated reflectivity (IR). Follow-ups were at three-month intervals up to 12 months. The trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04788550). RESULTS: Analyses included 26 participants (nine control; nine CPP-ACPF; eight FV). There were significant reduction in integrated reflectivity over time. Post hoc comparisons showed reductions were significant up to 150-micron depth at 6-months, and up to 250-micron depth at both 9- and 12-months follow-up compared to baseline. At 12-months, FV had the lowest IR values, followed by CPP-ACPF and control, but the differences between groups were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: After 12-months observation, use of fluoridated toothpaste alone or supplemented with either fluoride varnish or CPP-ACPF promotes enamel remineralization up to 250-micron depth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Daily fluoridated toothpaste with regular 3-monthly recall visits from the start of orthodontic retention is recommended for effective control of initial caries lesions. FV and CPP-ACPF supplementation can be considered but their long-term benefits remain inconclusive. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-025-06172-0 PMID: 39907699 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya [Ref: DF CD2027/0134 (P); October 15, 2020]. The research was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Ref: NCT04788550). Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Impacts of supplementation with milk proteins on inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

11. Inflammopharmacology. 2025 Mar;33(3):1061-1083. doi: 10.1007/s10787-024-01615-8. Epub 2025 Jan 7. Impacts of supplementation with milk proteins on inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mohammadi S(1)(2), Ashtary-Larky D(3), Mehrbod M(4), Kouhi Sough N(5), Salehi Omran H(6), Dolatshahi S(6), Amirani N(7), Asbaghi O(8). Author information: (1)Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. shooka.mohammadi@gmail.com. (2)Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. shooka.mohammadi@gmail.com. (3)Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. (4)School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. (5)Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. (6)Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (7)Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. (8)Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. omid.asbaghi@gmail.com. BACKGROUND: Impacts of milk proteins (MPs) on inflammation are uncertain. The current systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the effects of whey protein (WP), casein protein (CP), or MP supplementation on serum levels of cytokines and adipokines in adults. METHODS: A comprehensive search of various online databases was conducted to find appropriate clinical trials published until September 2024. A random-effect statistical model was implemented. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 53 RCTs. It was indicated that MP supplements had no substantial effects on serum values of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and leptin. However, there were statistically significant decreases in serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) following supplementation with MP (weighted mean difference (WMD): - 0.25 pg/mL, 95% CI - 0.48, - 0.03; P = 0.026) in the intervention group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that MP supplementation may not have any considerable impacts on the levels of cytokines and adipokines. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01615-8 PMID: 39775243 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. Ethical approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management.

12. Nutrients. 2024 Dec 23;16(24):4407. doi: 10.3390/nu16244407. Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management. Nilsson MI(1), Xhuti D(2), de Maat NM(2), Hettinga BP(1), Tarnopolsky MA(1)(2). Author information: (1)Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. (2)Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. BACKGROUND: Anabolic resistance accelerates muscle loss in aging and obesity, thus predisposing to sarcopenic obesity. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis of a randomized clinical trial, we examined baseline predictors of the adaptive response to three months of home-based resistance exercise, daily physical activity, and protein-based, multi-ingredient supplementation (MIS) in a cohort of free-living, older males (n = 32). RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that obesity and a Global Risk Index for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were the strongest predictors of Δ% gains in lean mass (TLM and ASM), LM/body fat ratios (TLM/%BF, ASM/FM, and ASM/%BF), and allometric LM (ASMI, TLM/BW, TLM/BMI, ASM/BW), with moderately strong, negative correlations to the adaptive response to polytherapy r = -0.36 to -0.68 (p < 0.05). Kidney function, PA level, and chronological age were only weakly associated with treatment outcomes (p > 0.05). Next, we performed a subgroup analysis in overweight/obese participants with at least one other MetS risk factor and examined their adaptive response to polytherapy with two types of protein-based MIS (PLA; collagen peptides and safflower oil, n = 8, M5; whey/casein, creatine, calcium, vitamin D3, and fish oil, n = 12). The M5 group showed greater improvements in LM (ASM; +2% vs. -0.8%), LM/body fat ratios (ASM/FM; +3.8% vs. -5.1%), allometric LM (ASM/BMI; +1.2% vs. -2.5%), strength (leg press; +17% vs. -1.4%), and performance (4-Step-Stair-Climb time; -10.5% vs. +1.1%) vs. the PLA group (p < 0.05). Bone turnover markers, indicative of bone accretion, were increased pre-to-post intervention in the M5 group only (P1NP; p = 0.036, P1NP/CTX ratio; p = 0.088). The overall anabolic response, as indicated by ranking low-to-high responders for Δ% LM (p = 0.0079), strength (p = 0.097), and performance (p = 0.19), was therefore significantly higher in the M5 vs. PLA group (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that obesity/MetS is a key driver of anabolic resistance in old age and that a high-quality, whey/casein-based MIS is more effective than a collagen-based alternative for maintaining musculoskeletal health in individuals at risk for sarcopenic obesity, even when total daily protein intake exceeds current treatment guidelines. DOI: 10.3390/nu16244407 PMCID: PMC11677392 PMID: 39771028 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Authors Mats I. Nilsson and Bart P. Hettinga were employed by the Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, and Mark A. Tarnopolsky is the CEO of the Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The impact of Alpha-s1 Casein hydrolysate on chronic insomnia: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial.

13. Clin Nutr. 2024 Dec;43(12):275-284. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.10.039. Epub 2024 Nov 6. The impact of Alpha-s1 Casein hydrolysate on chronic insomnia: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Chang CM(1), Tsai IJ(2), Yang CC(3), Liu WC(4), Yang CP(5). Author information: (1)Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, Colledge of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan. (2)Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. (3)Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. (4)Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: graceliu8911@gmail.com. (5)Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: neuralyung@gmail.com. BACKGROUND: Alpha-s1 casein hydrolysate (ACH; Lactium®) is recognized as a supplementary treatment to enhance sleep quality. However, limited studies utilizing objective sleep assessment tools have resulted in a lack of substantial validation. This study aimed to assess the effects of ACH on both subjective sleep assessments and objective polysomnography (PSG) recordings in a hospital-based cohort of Taiwanese individuals with chronic insomnia. METHODS: In this 4-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 36 participants diagnosed with chronic insomnia were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the ACH or placebo groups. Initially, participants in the ACH group received 600 mg of ACH daily, which was reduced to 300 mg for the latter two weeks; the placebo group received maltodextrin capsules throughout the study. The study utilized polysomnography (PSG), along with detailed sleep questionnaires including the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Global Sleep Disorders Score (GSDS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), to assess improvements in sleep quality and related health markers. The efficacy of the intervention was assessed through measures of sleep efficiency, stage distribution, and psychological well-being, comparing results from before to after the treatment phase. RESULTS: The study demonstrated that ACH treatment notably enhanced sleep quality, evidenced by significant improvements in ISI, GSDS, PSQI, ESS, and HADS scores at both week 2 and 4 (all p-values <0.05) compared with baseline scores. When compared to the placebo group, the ACH group experienced a marked reduction in GSDS scores over time (p = 0.045). Furthermore, PSG data revealed a significant decrease in sleep onset latency from baseline in the ACH group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.012; -7.7 ± 16.0 min vs. 6.1 ± 17.7 min for ACH and placebo groups, respectively). These results indicate that ACH treatment effectively improved sleep initiation and overall sleep quality. CONCLUSION: ACH Supplementation significantly improved sleep quality, particularly by reducing GSDS scores and sleep onset latency, demonstrating its potential as an effective intervention for chronic insomnia. Future studies with larger samples and exploration of long-term effects are needed to confirm these results. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.10.039 PMID: 39541860 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of interest All authors listed on the manuscript have contributed sufficiently to the paper, have approved the paper, and declare that they have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Effect of mixed protein supplementation on golf performance and muscle function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

14. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2024 Dec;21(1):2393368. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2393368. Epub 2024 Aug 21. Effect of mixed protein supplementation on golf performance and muscle function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Seo JW(1), Jiang S(1), Ahn S(1), Kang YS(1), Sung Y(1), Li X(1), Jamrasi P(1), Sun EM(2), Yoo J(2), Kim BY(3), Sim H(3), Song W(1)(4). Author information: (1)Seoul National University, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Physical Education, Seoul, Republic of Korea. (2)Research Team 1, CHLabs Corporation, Seoul, Republic of Korea. (3)R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea. (4)Seoul National University, Institute on Aging, Seoul, Republic of Korea. BACKGROUND: As a relatively novel approach to enhancing skeletal muscle health, mixed protein supplementation has shown similar responses to whey protein. However, no previous studies have examined its impact on golf swing performance. This study aimed to examine the effect of mixed protein supplementation on the swing performance and muscle strength of casual golfers. METHODS: Sixty participants with a handicap of less than 20 were recruited and randomly assigned to a double-blind, placebo-controlled study design. The participants were divided into two groups: a mixed protein group (MG, n = 30), and a placebo control group (CG, n = 30). They were instructed to ingest either a supplement containing casein calcium, whey protein, and isolated pea protein, or a placebo, once daily for 8 weeks. Pre- and posttests consisted of anthropometric measurements, muscle strength (isokinetic knee and trunk strength, and handgrip strength), 2-minute push-ups, balance, and golf swing performance using a driver and 7-iron. RESULTS: After the 8-week supplementation period, ANCOVA, using baseline values as covariates, revealed significant differences for driver distance (p = .004) and driver ball speed (p < .001). MG significantly increased driver distance by 5.17 ± 12.8 m (p = .046), driver ball speed by 1.36 ± 2.87 m/s (p = .021). Additionally, significantly improvements were observed in hand grip strength (+2.12 ± 3.47 kg, p = .004), two-minute push-ups (+4.89 ± 8.14 reps, p = .004), and balance score (-0.37 ± 0.69 min, p = .009). No significant differences were observed in body composition parameters (p > .05). CONCLUSION: The intake of a mixed protein containing both animal and plant proteins had positive effects on golf performance and muscle function. Therefore, mixed proteins may represent a safe and effective approach to enhancing skeletal muscle health in golf players. DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2393368 PMCID: PMC11340221 PMID: 39166753 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

The effect of probiotics and casein supplementation on aerobic capacity parameters of male soccer players.

15. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2024 Dec;21(1):2382165. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2382165. Epub 2024 Jul 22. The effect of probiotics and casein supplementation on aerobic capacity parameters of male soccer players. Imanian B(1), Hemmatinafar M(1), Daryanoosh F(1), Koureshfard N(1), Sadeghi R(1), Niknam A(1), Rezaei R(1), Qashqaei A(1). Author information: (1)Shiraz University, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz, Iran. BACKGROUND: In the realm of sports science, nutrition is a well-established pillar for athletes' training, performance, and post-workout recovery. However, the role of gut microbiota, often overlooked, is a novel and intriguing aspect that can significantly impact athletic performance. With this in mind, our study ventures into uncharted territory, investigating the effect of probiotic and casein supplementation on the aerobic capacity of male soccer players. METHOD: A double-blinded and placebo-controlled study was conducted with 44 male soccer players (Age: 22.81 ± 2.76 yr, Height: 177.90 ± 6.75 cm, Weight: 67.42 ± 8.44 kg). The participants were subjected to the Bruce test in the beginning; then, they were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 11 people: probiotics (PRO), casein (CAS), probiotics with casein (PRO+CAS), and placebo (PLA). PRO group was given one probiotic capsule (containing strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BP06, Lacticaseibacillus casei BP07, Lactobacillus acidophilus BA05, Lactobacillus delbrueckii BD08 bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium infantis BI04, Bifidobacterium longum BL03, Bifidobacterium breve BB02 and Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus BT01, with a total dose of 4.5 × 1011 CFU) during dinner, while the CAS group consumed 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The PRO+CAS group was given one probiotic capsule during dinner and 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The participants in the PLA group were given one red capsule (containing 5 grams of starch) during dinner. All participants were instructed to take the supplements only on training days, three times a week for four weeks. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), Ventilatory Threshold (VT), Time-to-exhaustion (TTE), Respiratory Compensation Point (RCP), Isocapnic area Time (Time-IC), Isocapnic area oxygen consumption (VO2-IC), and Hypocapnic Hyperventilation area Time (Time-HHV), after the Bruce test were Measured. All data were analyzed using SPSS Windows software, mixed repeated measure ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test at p < 0.05 level. RESULTS: The current study's findings illustrated that, after the intervention, TTE (p = 0.01) and RCP (p = 0.01) were significantly improved in PRO+CAS compared to the PLA group. No significant difference was observed between PRO and PLA (p = 0.52), PRO and CAS (p = 0.999), PRO and PRO+CAS (p = 0.9), CAS and PLA (p = 0.65), CAS and PRO+CAS (p = 0.73) in TTE. In addition, no significant difference was observed between PRO and CAS (p = 0.999), PRO and PLA (p = 0.40), PRO and PRO+CAS (p = 0.999), CAS and PLA (p = 0.263), CAS and PRO+CAS (p = 0.999) in RCP. Time-HHV was significantly higher in PRO+CAS (p = 0.000) and CAS (p = 0.047) compared to the PLA group. However, no significant difference was observed in the Time-HHV between PRO and CAS (p = 0.999), PRO and PRO+CAS (p = 0.25), PRO and PLA (p = 0.12), and CAS and PRO+CAS (p = 0.57). Additionally, all the groups had no significant differences in VO2max, VT1, VO2-IC and Time-IC. CONCLUSION: The findings showed that consuming probiotics and casein could relatively improve the aerobic capacity of male soccer players. Nevertheless, simultaneous consumption of probiotics and casein had a more pronounced effect on aerobic capacity indicators, especially TTE and Time-HHV. DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2382165 PMCID: PMC11268215 PMID: 39039903 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).