마그네슘 (글리시네이트)
Magnesium (Glycinate)
📚 관련 논문 (17편)
1. Nutr Res. 2023 Feb;110:33-43. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.12.005. Epub 2022 Dec 22. Combined vitamin D and magnesium supplementation does not influence markers of bone turnover or glycemic control: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Dall RD(1), Cheung MM(2), Shewokis PA(1), Altasan A(1),
2. Nutrition. 2022 Jul-Aug;99-100:111674. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111674. Epub 2022 Apr 1. The effect of combined magnesium and vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status, systemic inflammation, and blood pressure: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Cheung MM(1), Dall RD(2), Shewo
1. Nutrients. 2026 Apr 17;18(8):1274. doi: 10.3390/nu18081274. The Role of Dietary Supplements in the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Critical Review. Wójtowicz M(1), Małek P(2), Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M(2). Author information: (1)Clinical Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland. (2)Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland. Background: There is a growing number of studies suggesting the effectiveness of dietary supplements in preventing and treating endometriosis. It has been suggested that deficiencies in vitamins D and E as well as zinc are associated with the increased risk of endometriosis development. Beneficial effects of magnesium, curcumin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate were found in experimental animal studies. A reduction in pain related to endometriosis was shown in women using omega-3 and alpha-lipoic acid. Meanwhile, decreasing endometriotic lesion size after the supplementation of omega-3, N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C and epigallocatechin-3-gallate was observed in animal and human studies. Thus, the aim of this critical review was to summarize the available data describing the effects of dietary supplements used in the treatment of endometriosis. Material and Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched for related studies until 15 December 2025. Finally, 34 studies were included in the synthesis. Results: Of these 34 studies, only 23 were randomized, placebo-controlled trials. There have been no RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of vitamin E, zinc, alpha-LA, EGCG and DIM in the treatment of endometriosis. Single studies evaluating the effectiveness of vitamin C, magnesium, resveratrol, NAC and PEA with PLD have not confirmed it. Meanwhile single studies evaluating the effectiveness of selenium, propolis and quercetin have confirmed it. Of the four studies assessing the effectiveness of vitamin D, two confirmed it and two did not; of the two studies assessing probiotics, one confirmed its effectiveness and one did not; of the two studies assessing curcumin, one confirmed its effectiveness and one did not; and of the three studies assessing omega-3, two confirmed its effectiveness and one did not. All four RCTs assessing the combination of vitamins C and E confirmed their effectiveness. Conclusions: Despite encouraging observations from experimental studies, the results of RCTs are less encouraging and do not allow for the formulation of recommendations concerning the use of supplements in the treatment of endometriosis symptoms according to EBM. DOI: 10.3390/nu18081274 PMID: 42075089 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
2. East Asian Arch Psychiatry. 2026 Mar;36(1):19-24. doi: 10.12809/eaap25122. Magnesium supplementation as an adjunct to fluoxetine therapy for depression. Walyddaini AS(1), Lisal ST(1), Ilhamuddin(1), Zainuddin AA(2), Tanra AJ(1), Widianingsih Y(3), Syamsuddin S(1). Author information: (1)Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. (2)Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. (3)Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of magnesium supplementation as an adjunct to fluoxetine therapy for improving depressive symptoms and serum serotonin levels in patients with depression. METHODS: Consecutive patients aged 18 to 45 years who had been prescribed fluoxetine therapy for new-onset or chronic depression were recruited between November 2024 and February 2025 at the outpatient psychiatry clinic of Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital and three affiliated hospitals in Makassar, Indonesia. Participants were randomised in an alternating sequence to receive either fluoxetine 20 mg/day alone or in combination with oral magnesium supplementation 250 mg/day. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and week 6. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Blood samples were collected to measure serum serotonin levels. RESULTS: In total, 32 women and 8 men who received either fluoxetine alone (n = 20) or in combination with magnesium (n = 20) were included in the analysis. Both groups showed significant reductions in HDRS total score from baseline to week 6 (p < 0.001), but changes in serum serotonin level were not significant in either group. The reduction in HDRS total score was greater in the intervention group than in the control group (-6.35 vs -2.80, p < 0.001), particularly in the domains of mood and insomnia. The median reduction in HDRS total score was greater in the intervention group than in the control group (-6 vs -2, p < 0.001). The group effect remained significant (F(1,30) = 33.51, partial η2 = 0.528, p < 0.001) after adjustment for baseline HDRS score and demographic covariates, indicating a large effect size. CONCLUSION: Magnesium supplementation as an adjunct to fluoxetine therapy improves HDRS total score in patients with depression. DOI: 10.12809/eaap25122 PMID: 41916937 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: All authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest.
3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026 May;123(5):101299. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101299. Epub 2026 Mar 26. Magnesium supplementation did not reduce serum calciprotein crystallization and arterial stiffness in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Meer R(1), Xu JY(2), Newsom SP(3), Pasch A(4), Vervloet MG(5), de Jong PA(6), Elders PJ(7), Beulens JW(8). Author information: (1)Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.meer@amsterdamumc.nl. (2)Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Specialized Diagnostics & Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (3)Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (4)Calciscon AG, Biel, Switzerland; Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria. (5)Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. (6)Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. (7)Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (8)Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. BACKGROUND: Medial arterial calcification (MAC) and increased arterial stiffness contribute to cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Experimental studies suggest that magnesium supplementation may halt arterial calcification and improve arterial stiffness. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 6-mo oral magnesium citrate supplementation on calciprotein crystallization (T50) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in individuals with T2DM and peripheral MAC. METHODS: This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomly assigned 74 participants with T2DM [78% males, 72 (68-76) y] with peripheral MAC and cfPWV≥12.0 m/s to magnesium citrate (350 mg/d; n = 37) or placebo (n = 37). Nephelometry-based T50 measurements, cfPWV measurements, and 24-h urine collections were obtained at baseline, 3 and 6 mo. Longitudinal analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline T50 and cfPWV was used to study the treatment effects on T50 and cfPWV. RESULTS: Baseline mean T50 and cfPWV were similar between the magnesium group (T50 348 ± 54 min; cfPWV 15.9 ± 2.2 m/s) and the placebo group (362 ± 54 min; 15.6 ± 2.0 m/s). Magnesium in serum and in 24-h urine were lower in the magnesium group [0.74 (0.71-0.77) mmol/L and 3.30 (2.06-4.71) mmol/24 h] compared with the placebo group [0.81 (0.74-0.86) mmol/L and 4.31 (3.09-5.54) mmol/24 h]. Supplementation increased 24-h urine magnesium excretion (P < 0.001), but not serum magnesium concentration (P = 0.073) over time in the magnesium group relative to the placebo group. Magnesium supplementation did not increase T50 [ẞ = 6 min (-11, 22), P = 0.491] but did increase cfPWV [ẞ = 0.8 m/s (0.1, 1.5), P = 0.021] over 6 mo in the magnesium group relatively to the placebo group, but the statistical significance was lost after adjusting for clinically relevant baseline differences [T50: ẞ = 7 min (-12, 25), P = 0.482; cfPWV: ẞ = 0.5 m/s (-0.2, 1.3), P = 0.180]. CONCLUSIONS: Six-month magnesium citrate supplementation did not reduce calciprotein crystallization and arterial stiffness in older individuals with T2DM with peripheral MAC. Daily supplementation of 350 mg appears to be ineffective in this population, possibly attributable to normomagnesemia and preserved renal function. This study was registered at the Dutch Trial Register (CCMO) as NL81281.029.22 and at ISRCTN as 60460377. Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101299 PMID: 41903889 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of interest AP is founder, employee and stockholder of Calciscon AG (Biel, Switzerland), which commercializes the T50 test. All other authors have no conflict of interest.
4. J Med Food. 2026 Apr;29(4):205-213. doi: 10.1177/1096620X261430172. Epub 2026 Mar 10. Fermented Whey Protein Supplement Slows the Progression of Frailty and Sarcopenia Among Older Korean Adults: A Randomized Blinded Trial. Lim HS(1), Jung DH(1), Kim HY(1), Lee JW(1), Kim YS(1), Shin H(1). Author information: (1)Department of Gerontology, AgeTech-Service Convergence Major, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea. As the global population ages, frailty and sarcopenia have emerged as pressing public health challenges due to their impact on functional decline and increased health care burden. This study assessed the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria-fermented whey protein (LAB-FWP) supplementation for improving physical function and nutritional markers in community-dwelling older Korean adults. A total of 45 individuals aged 65 years and older (body mass index 18.5-30) who had not used protein supplements in the prior 6 months were enrolled in a 10-week, randomized, blinded trial. Participants were assigned to either the intervention group (n = 22), which received 38 g/day of LAB-FWP, or the control group (n = 23), which received a taste- and texture-matched dextrin placebo. The intervention group demonstrated significant improvements in physical performance, including an increase in electronic Short Physical Performance Battery (eSPPB) scores (P = .034) and hand grip strength (P = .043). Nutritional biomarkers also improved markedly: dietary vitamin D intake increased from 2.2 to 11.6 µg, calcium intake from 280.9 to 566.7 mg, and magnesium intake from 135.5 to 316.3 mg (all P < .001). Compared with controls, the intervention group showed greater gains in skeletal muscle mass index (Δ = 1.5, P = .004) and eSPPB scores (Δ = 1.4, P = .017). Regression analysis revealed that physical function was positively associated with improvements in nutrition. Daily supplementation with LAB-FWP led to clinically meaningful enhancements in both functional capacity and nutritional status, suggesting its potential as a practical strategy to mitigate age-related frailty and sarcopenia. DOI: 10.1177/1096620X261430172 PMID: 41805014 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: AUTHOR DISCLOSURE STATEMENTThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
5. Front Nutr. 2026 Feb 11;13:1765308. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1765308. eCollection 2026. Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycemic control in older Chinese adults with pre-diabetes and hypomagnesemia: a randomized controlled trial. Yang J(1), Zhang H(1), Li Y(1), Wu W(1), Pan M(2), Wang J(3), Li G(3), Wu Y(4), Guo C(4), Yang L(1), Ding J(2), Ding G(1). Author information: (1)NHC Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. (2)Yuetan Community Health Center, Fuxing Hospital Capital Medical University of Medical Science, Beijing, China. (3)Department of Nutrition, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China. (4)Guangwai Hospital, Beijing, China. PURPOSE: Pre-diabetes significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Magnesium deficiency is common and may contribute to dysglycemia. However, evidence for the efficacy of magnesium supplementation in pre-diabetes, especially in older adults with hypomagnesemia, remains limited and inconclusive. This exploratory trial aimed to evaluate the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycemic parameters and conducted exploratory metabolomic profiling in this population. METHODS: In this 4-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 71 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 68.7 ± 6.0 years) with pre-diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L and/or HbA1c 5.7%-6.5%) and hypomagnesemia (plasma magnesium ≤ 0.80 mmol/L) were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either magnesium oxide (360 mg elemental Mg/day) or an identical placebo once daily. The primary outcome was the change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Secondary outcomes included changes in insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, glycated albumin, and inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, IL-6). Exploratory non-targeted metabolomic profiling was performed. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values, following the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: Sixty-five participants completed the trial. At baseline, the magnesium group had significantly higher insulin and HOMA-IR levels (both p < 0.05); analyses were adjusted accordingly. Compared to placebo, magnesium supplementation significantly increased plasma magnesium (adjusted mean difference: 0.056 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.028 to 0.085; p < 0.001) and reduced FPG (adjusted mean difference: -0.497 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.818 to -0.176; p = 0.003). The reduction in HOMA-IR favored the magnesium group but was not statistically significant after adjustment (p = 0.296). No significant between-group differences were observed for HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, glycated albumin, or inflammatory markers. Exploratory metabolomics revealed alterations in putatively identified metabolites, with pathway analysis suggesting involvement of lipid and insulin resistance-related pathways; these findings are considered hypothesis-generating. CONCLUSION: In older adults with pre-diabetes and hypomagnesemia, magnesium supplementation effectively corrected magnesium deficiency and reduced FPG, but did not improve other glycemic indices including HbA1c or insulin resistance. The clinical significance of the isolated FPG reduction remains uncertain. The metabolomic findings require validation. Larger, longer-term trials are needed to determine if magnesium supplementation can prevent diabetes in this population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR2100047666. Copyright © 2026 Yang, Zhang, Li, Wu, Pan, Wang, Li, Wu, Guo, Yang, Ding and Ding. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1765308 PMCID: PMC12932175 PMID: 41756632 Conflict of interest statement: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
6. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2026 Feb 20;38(1):94. doi: 10.1007/s40520-026-03344-0. Trends and determinants of dietary supplement use and potential drug- supplement interactions in older adults: a 16-years follow-up in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Bahadoran Z(1), Nozari Z(2), Azizi F(3). Author information: (1)Micronutrient Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran. z.bahadoran@sbmu.ac.ir. (2)Micronutrient Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran. (3)Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. azizi@sbmu.ac.ir. AIM: This study aimed to examine the trends and determinants of dietary supplement use and to assess the prevalence and predictors of potential drug-supplement interactions among older adults over a 16-year follow-up. METHODS: This repeated cross-sectional study included adults aged ≥ 50 years who participated in the third (2006–2008; n = 3,484), fourth (2009–2011; n = 4,020), fifth (2012–2014; n = 4,342), sixth (2015–2017; n = 4,598), and seventh (2018–2022; n = 4,750) examinations of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Information on dietary supplement use, including individual vitamin supplements and prescription medication use was collected using standardized questionnaires. Trends in supplement use and participant characteristics were evaluated across study phases. Clinically relevant mild-to-moderate potential drug-supplement interactions were defined as the concurrent use of specific dietary supplements and commonly prescribed medications and were classified according to Stockley’s framework. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with dietary supplement use and potential drug-supplement interactions in the 2018–2022 examination. RESULTS: Over 16 years, dietary supplement use increased more than 2-fold from 10.4% to 21.1%, mainly from increases in thiamin (2.2% to 13.4%), cobalamin (1.8% to 9.8%), vitamin C (1.3% to 7.9%), vitamin E (1.8% to 8.7%), and zinc (0.2% to 3.3%). Female sex, higher education, and diabetes were associated with higher likelihood of supplement use. In 2018–2022, 4.8% of participants had potential drug-supplement interactions, most commonly vitamin E with aspirin (2.3%) and magnesium or potassium with antihypertensive medications. The likelihood of potential drug-supplement interactions was higher in women (OR = 2.03, 95%CI = 1.61–2.56), participants with primary education (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.09–1.96), smokers (OR = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.07–2.12), and individuals with diabetes (OR = 2.80, 95%CI = 2.13–3.68), hypertension (OR = 2.20, 95%CI = 1.78–2.73), chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.35, 95%CI = 1.88–2.94), or multimorbidity (OR = 2.46, 95%CI = 1.85–3.26). CONCLUSION: Over 16 years, supplement use increased among older adults, especially B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc, with a low but clinically relevant prevalence of drug-supplement interactions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40520-026-03344-0. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-026-03344-0 PMCID: PMC12979372 PMID: 41714537 Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate: The study protocol was approved by the ethics research council of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants (Ethics code: IR.SBMU.ENDOCRINE.REC.1404.087). The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable.
7. Trials. 2026 Feb 13;27(1):216. doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z. Secondary prevention of leg cramps using compression stockings or magnesium supplements: a three-arm randomized clinical trial. Kuusipalo A(#)(1), Laitila J(#)(2), Lehtonen E(2), Joensuu J(3), Mustajoki P(4), Mustonen P(5), Huhtala H(6), Kaila M(5), Koskela TH(2)(7). Author information: (1)Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. arno.kuusipalo@tuni.fi. (2)Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. (3)Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland. (4)University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. (5)The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, Helsinki, Finland. (6)Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. (7)Center of General Practice, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. (#)Contributed equally BACKGROUND: Leg cramps are common among older adults and often lead to sleep disturbances and reduced quality of life. However, there is no consensus on how to treat this condition. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of compression stockings in preventing leg cramps in individuals aged 50 to 85. METHODS: This study was a three-arm, parallel-group, partially blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted in Finland. Participants were recruited nationwide through online advertisements and primary care centers. Eligible individuals had experienced at least two leg cramps per week during the previous 4 weeks. Participants were randomized to receive either knee-high medical compression stockings, magnesium hydrochloride, or placebo pills, to be used daily for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in leg cramp frequency at week 8. Secondary outcomes included the number of leg cramp-related nocturnal awakenings and the perceived pain intensity on an ordinal scale. RESULTS: A total of 121 participants were randomized, and 109 (90.1%) completed the trial. The primary outcome analysis included 114 participants. The mean age was 65.8 years (SD 7.8), and 87 (71.9%) were women. At baseline, the median number of weekly leg cramps was 4 (IQR 3-7). At week 8, the median weekly leg cramp frequency was 2 (IQR 1-2.5) in the compression stockings group, 3 (IQR 2-6) in the magnesium group, and 3 (IQR 2-5) in the placebo group. The baseline-adjusted mean difference in leg cramp frequency between the compression stockings and placebo group was -1.43 (95% CI -2.36 to -0.50; P = .001). No significant difference was observed between the magnesium and placebo groups, with an adjusted mean difference of -0.20 (95% CI -1.49 to 1.09; P = 0.929). Four participants discontinued compression stockings due to adverse reactions. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, daily use of compression stockings was effective in reducing the frequency and pain intensity of leg cramps, as well as the number of nocturnal awakenings caused by them. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04694417. Registered on 4 January 2021. © 2026. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z PMCID: PMC13005370 PMID: 41680812 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Ethics Committee of the Pirkanmaa Hospital District reviewed and approved the study protocol (ETL code R18177) in March 2019. All participants provided written informed consent. Consent for application: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
8. Front Nutr. 2026 Jan 12;12:1729164. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1729164. eCollection 2025. The effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein(®)) on cognitive performance and sleep quality in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lopresti AL(1)(2), Smith SJ(1). Author information: (1)Clinical Research Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. (2)College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Magnesium may help support cognition and sleep. The purpose of this two-arm, 6-week, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) supplementation on cognitive performance, cognitive age, sleep quality, and selected physiological indicators in adults. METHODS: One hundred adults aged 18 to 45 with self-reported dissatisfied sleep were supplemented with 2 g daily of Magtein® or a placebo. Outcome measures comprised the computer-based National Institute for Health (NIH) Cognitive Toolbox and Raven's Progressive Matrices Version 2 for the assessment of cognitive function, self-report evaluations of sleep quality and emotional wellbeing, a reaction time test, and physiological data obtained from a sleep-tracking wearable device (Oura Ring), including resting heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep. RESULTS: Compared to the placebo, Magtein® was associated with greater improvements in overall cognitive performance as measured by the NIH Total Cognition Composite (p = 0.043), with larger treatment effects on working and episodic memory. There was also a 7.5-year reduction in estimated brain cognitive age and a greater improvement in reaction time (p = 0.031). However, there were no group differences in changes in the Raven's test (p = 0.953). Based on self-report measures, there was a greater improvement in sleep-related impairment (p = 0.043), but no group differences in changes in sleep disturbances (p = 0.316), restorative sleep (p = 0.439), or general wellbeing (p = 0.436); although in a subset of participants with more severe sleep-related problems, group differences in sleep-disturbances were identified (p = 0.031). Based on data from the sleep tracking ring, there were no group differences in sleep outcomes, although there was a greater reduction in HR (p = 0.030) and an increase in HRV (p = 0.036), a physiological marker of stress reduction and improved autonomic balance. Magtein® was well-tolerated, and there were no reports of significant adverse reactions. CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggest Magtein® supplementation for 6 weeks improves overall cognition, cognitive age, working memory, reaction time, HR, HRV, and some subjective, but not objective measures of sleep in healthy adults with self-reported dissatisfied sleep. Copyright © 2026 Lopresti and Smith. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1729164 PMCID: PMC12832366 PMID: 41601871 Conflict of interest statement: This study received funding from Threotech Inc. Threotech Inc. also provided the IP in this study. The funder was involved in the conceptualisation of the study design and provided the investigational product for the study. ALL is the managing director of Clinical Research Australia, a contract research organisation that has received research funding from nutraceutical companies. ALL has also received presentation honoraria from nutraceutical companies. SJS is an employee of Clinical Research Australia.
9. BMC Endocr Disord. 2026 Jan 24;26(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12902-025-02158-x. Effectiveness of mineral supplements (magnesium, chromium, zinc, selenium, chromium picolinate) in reducing insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ye J(1)(2), Cen S(2), Qi Q(1), Wang C(1), Wang J(1), Wang J(1), Yaping G(1), Wang J(3). Author information: (1)The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China. (2)College of International Education, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. (3)The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China. m13307753897@163.com. BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) often leads to insulin resistance, affecting glucose and fat metabolism. This study aimed to explore the impact of mineral supplements on insulin resistance, blood sugar, and lipid profiles in women with PCOS. METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted across four databases. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Mineral supplements were compared with a placebo in all studies, and data were analyzed using fixed-effect and random-effects models to assess the impact on metabolic parameters. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 11 RCTs involving 618 women with PCOS. Mineral supplementation was associated with significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (SMD = − 0.34, p < 0.001), fasting insulin (SMD = − 0.72, p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (SMD = − 0.75, p < 0.001). In addition, total cholesterol (SMD = − 0.35, p < 0.001) and triglyceride levels (SMD = − 0.58, p < 0.001) were significantly reduced. A small but statistically significant reduction in HDL levels was also observed (SMD = − 0.19, p = 0.04). No significant effect was found on LDL-C (SMD = − 0.11, p = 0.55). CONCLUSION: Mineral supplementation may improve insulin resistance and selected metabolic parameters in PCOS, with the most consistent effects observed for glycemic indices. Effects on lipid parameters were mixed. Further large-scale, well-designed trials are needed to clarify long-term benefits and optimal supplementation strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12902-025-02158-x. DOI: 10.1186/s12902-025-02158-x PMCID: PMC12955229 PMID: 41580698 Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
10. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2026 Jan 21;38(1):67. doi: 10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9. Quantitative sensory testing of pain in osteoporosis: a pilot randomized clinical trial with magnesium supplementation. Pickering ME(1)(2)(3), Morel V(4), Nicolas M(4), Dualé C(4), Sortais E(4), Graven-Nielsen T(5), Pereira B(6), Pickering G(4)(7). Author information: (1)Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France. mepickering@chu-clermontferrand.fr. (2)Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019 INRA, Université Clermont- Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France. mepickering@chu-clermontferrand.fr. (3)Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France. mepickering@chu-clermontferrand.fr. (4)Platform of Clinical Investigation Department, University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm CIC 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France. (5)Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. (6)Clinical Research and Innovation Department, University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France. (7)University Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Clermont-Ferrand, 1107, F-63000, France. BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates (BP) are a recommended treatment for osteoporosis and an analgesic effect has been suggested. Magnesium is involved in pain mechanisms, mood disorders and also in bone homeostasis. Association of BPs and magnesium has however not been studied to explore pain processes in post-menopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: In this pilot ancillary study of a randomized clinical trial in post-menopausal osteoporosis, women were randomized to standard care with intravenous Zoledronate (BP group, n = 22) or BP with oral magnesium (BPMg group, n = 22), 200 mg/day for 3 months. Endpoints were quantified before and 1 year after treatment as spontaneous pain, anxiety, depression and sleep quality, as well as quantitative sensory testing of pain sensitivity by thermal thresholds and conditioned pain modulation (CPM), a psychophysical marker of the functionality of pain modulation at spinal level. RESULTS: Thirty-five women (68.2 ± 7.3 years old) with post-menopausal osteoporosis completed the analysis. Compared with baseline, magnesium supplementation did not change significantly any of the endpoints. CPM at baseline was low (-0.92 ± 1.14) and not reversed by treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study in post-menopausal osteoporosis underlines for the first time that zoledronate or zoledronate with magnesium have no effect on pain characteristics and thresholds. It shows a dysfunction of pain inhibitory pain pathways and its non-reversibility with treatments. It points towards the lack of any analgesic effect of zoledronate, and above all to a latent vulnerability of osteoporotic women who are at a potential risk of fracture with a poor pain modulation that needs to be researched further to limit future chronification. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: (NCT05328154), 15/03/2022. TRIAL: Protocol, statistical analysis plan, participant data and other materials (including data dictionary) can be accessed on request to the corresponding author. © 2026. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9 PMCID: PMC12872772 PMID: 41566091 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article. Human and animal rights: All procedures were approved by the French Research Ethics Committee (South West Committee, 3rd February 2022) and the French Drug Agency (ANSM, 26th January 2022). Informed consent: All participants provided consent prior to their participation.
11. J Health Popul Nutr. 2025 Dec 31;45(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1. Effects of multivitamin combined with magnesium sulfate versus magnesium sulfate alone on hemodynamics, coagulation, and maternal-infant outcomes in preeclampsia: a randomized controlled study. Gao S(1), Ming J(2), Sun F(3), Zhao H(3), Chen L(4), Wan J(3), Yu Y(3). Author information: (1)Obstetrics Department, West Coast Branch, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677, Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266500, China. gaoshaobo0307@163.com. (2)Oncology Department, West Coast Branch, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, China. (3)Obstetrics Department, West Coast Branch, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.1677, Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266500, China. (4)Nursing Department, West Coast Branch, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266500, China. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of multivitamin combined with magnesium sulfate on placental hemodynamics, coagulation function, and maternal and infant outcomes in preeclampsia patients. METHODS: A randomized controlled study was conducted among 194 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia between April 2022 and April 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (n = 97), receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate alone, or the observation group (n = 97), receiving magnesium sulfate combined with multivitamin supplementation. Magnesium sulfate was administered with a loading dose of 2.5-5 g via rapid IV infusion and a maintenance dose of 5-20 g by continuous drip. The observation group additionally received one oral multivitamin tablet (Bayer S.A., 30 tablets/box) once daily in the morning. The treatment duration for both groups was two weeks. Blood pressure, 24-hour urinary protein, placental Doppler indices (RI, PI, S/D), coagulation markers (PT, APTT, FIB, TT), and maternal-infant outcomes were measured and compared. RESULTS: After treatment, both groups showed significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but there was no significant difference between them. However, the observation group had significantly lower 24-hour urinary protein levels (0.71 ± 0.31 g vs. 0.92 ± 0.28 g, P < 0.001). Coagulation function improved in both groups, with the observation group showing greater improvements: longer PT, APTT, and TT times, and lower FIB levels (P < 0.01). Placental hemodynamics also improved more in the observation group, with lower resistance indices and S/D ratios in both the umbilical and spiral arteries (P < 0.001). The observation group had better maternal and neonatal outcomes, including fewer cases of postpartum hemorrhage (10 vs. 22, P = 0.020), low birth weight (10 vs. 23, P = 0.013), and NICU admissions (9 vs. 21, P = 0.018). Eclampsia occurred only in the control group (3 cases), though this was not statistically significant (P = 0.081). Other outcomes, such as uterine inertia and neonatal asphyxia, were similar between groups. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with severe preeclampsia in the observation group experienced greater improvements in proteinuria and placental blood flow than those in the control group. Cesarean section rates were comparable (58 vs. 62), with main indications including fetal distress, failed labor, and poorly controlled PE. Logistic regression confirmed that multivitamin use was an independent factor for better outcomes (OR = 3.297; 95% CI: 1.731-6.282; P < 0.001), regardless of age, BMI, or gestational age. CONCLUSION: Multivitamin supplementation combined with magnesium sulfate improves outcomes in preeclampsia more effectively than magnesium sulfate alone. It reduces proteinuria, enhances placental blood flow and coagulation function, and lowers the risk of complications such as postpartum hemorrhage, low birth weight, and NICU admission. These benefits are particularly notable in severe cases and are independent of baseline maternal factors, supporting the use of combined therapy in clinical practice. © 2025. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1 PMCID: PMC12866340 PMID: 41476304 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study is approved by the Ethics Committee of [Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital], approval number [QYFY WZLL 30210]. Written informed consent was obtained. Consent for publication: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
12. JAMA Intern Med. 2026 Feb 1;186(2):183-189. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.6572. Magnesium Supplementation and Tachyarrhythmias: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. Goulden R(1)(2), Abrahamowicz M(1), Strumpf E(1)(3), Tamblyn R(1). Author information: (1)Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (2)Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (3)Department of Economics, Faculty of Arts, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Comment in JAMA Intern Med. 2026 Feb 1;186(2):190-191. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.6579. IMPORTANCE: Magnesium supplementation is regularly given to acutely ill patients with serum levels below the standard reference range, primarily for the prevention of tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation. The evidence for this practice and the specific treatment thresholds used is limited. Conventional observational studies of this question are at risk of confounding by indication and other biases. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether giving magnesium supplementation to patients with hypomagnesemia, as defined by a given institution's usual treatment cutoff, reduces adverse clinical outcome using a quasi-experimental study design that plausibly allows for causal inference. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This nonrandomized clinical trial of intensive care unit (ICU) patients undergoing serum magnesium testing was conducted in 93 ICUs across the US and Europe between 2003 and 2022. A fuzzy regression discontinuity design was used, in which individuals just either side of the eligibility cutoff for magnesium supplementation were compared with regard to the study outcomes. This comparison was performed across a range of treatment cutoffs in current use, ranging from 1.6 mg/dL to 2.0 mg/dL. Data were analyzed from August to October 2025. EXPOSURES: Magnesium supplementation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was ventricular or supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in the 24 hours after magnesium testing. Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of hypotension or death. RESULTS: A total of 478 901 twenty-four-hour treatment windows from 171 727 ICU admissions were included in the study. A total of 72 767 admitted patients (42.4%) were female, 98 960 (57.6%) were male, and the mean (SD) age of the cohort was 63 (16) years. There was no evidence of an effect of magnesium supplementation on the occurrence of tachyarrhythmia, with a risk difference of 0.1% (95% CI, -4.2 to 6.9). This was true across all the cutoff levels evaluated. There was similarly no association with the occurrence of hypotension (risk difference, 1.2%; 95% CI, -0.9 to 17.7) or death (risk difference, 1.4%; 95% CI, -0.6 to 5.3). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this nonrandomized clinical trial, routine supplementation of magnesium with currently used doses and treatment thresholds was not associated with beneficial effects for individuals with serum magnesium values close to those cutoffs. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.6572 PMCID: PMC12687208 PMID: 41359319 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
13. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2026 Jan;9(1):e70129. doi: 10.1002/edm2.70129. Impact of Preoperative Calcium and Magnesium Supplementation on Quality of Life and Hypocalcemia Post-Thyroidectomy. Tabriz N(1), Fried D(1), Uslar V(1), Weyhe D(1). Author information: (1)Pius-Hospital Oldenburg, University Hospital for Visceral Surgery, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. OBJECTIVE: Postoperative hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism are common complications after thyroidectomy, often impairing quality of life (QoL). This study investigates the impact of preoperative calcium and magnesium supplementation on postoperative QoL and hypocalcemia in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for symptomatic nodular goitre or Graves' disease. METHODS: A total of 62 patients undergoing thyroidectomy for benign thyroid diseases were randomised into two groups. The intervention group (IG, n = 31) received 500 mg calcium carbonate thrice daily and 300 mg magnesium carbonate once daily for 2 weeks preoperatively, while the control group (CG, n = 31) received no supplementation. Laboratory parameters (Ca, Mg, PTH, 25-OH-Vitamin D) were measured at study enrolment (T1), preoperatively (T2), immediately postoperatively (T3) and 6 weeks post-discharge (T4). QoL was assessed using EQ-5D and ThyPro39de questionnaires. RESULTS: QoL significantly improved postoperatively in both groups. Patients with Graves' disease in the IG reported earlier QoL improvements immediately post-surgery (T3). Postoperative hypocalcemia occurred in 19.4% of IG patients and 25% of CG patients, with hypoparathyroidism in 16% and 23%, respectively. The IG demonstrated higher postoperative calcium levels and fewer hypocalcemia symptoms, especially in Graves' disease patients (not significant). Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent (66.7%) but showed no correlation with hypocalcemia. DISCUSSION: Preoperative calcium and magnesium supplementation might have positive effects on postoperative QoL, especially in Graves' disease patients, and may reduce hypocalcemia symptoms. This simple, inexpensive and low-risk intervention may be beneficial in the preoperative setting prior to thyroidectomy. Although the observed effect did not reach statistical significance, it could still be of clinical relevance. The additional benefit of preoperative magnesium supplementation seems to be of minor significance, while the effect of pre-existing vitamin D deficiency remains uncertain. © 2025 The Author(s). Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/edm2.70129 PMCID: PMC12665251 PMID: 41319240 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
14. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2026 Jan 7;70(1):e0078125. doi: 10.1128/aac.00781-25. Epub 2025 Nov 28. The effect of antacid and mineral supplements on bictegravir pharmacokinetics: results from a Phase 1, open-label, drug-drug interaction study. Arora P(1), Hindman JT(1), West S(1), Ling J(1), Palaparthy R(1), Marathe DD(1). Author information: (1)Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA. The mechanism of action of integrase strand transfer inhibitors involves binding to magnesium ions in the active site of the HIV integrase enzyme, making them susceptible to chelation-type drug-drug interactions with metal cation-containing medications. This study evaluated the potential of metal cation-containing antacids and mineral supplements to impact bictegravir (BIC) exposure and assessed alternative approaches for combined use. This was an open-label, single-dose, Phase 1 study in adult participants without HIV. The pharmacokinetics and safety of BIC (administered as part of a single-tablet combination with emtricitabine [F] and tenofovir alafenamide [TAF; B/F/TAF]) were assessed when co-administered with maximum-strength aluminum/magnesium-containing antacid (referred to as "aluminum/magnesium-containing antacid"), calcium carbonate, or ferrous fumarate under fasted and fed conditions, and administered 2 hours before or after the antacid. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using analysis of variance to calculate geometric least-squares mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals. Forty-two participants were enrolled. BIC exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity) was reduced by 79%, 33%, and 63%, respectively, when co-administered with aluminum/magnesium-containing antacid, calcium carbonate, and ferrous fumarate under fasted conditions. Co-administration of B/F/TAF with calcium carbonate or ferrous fumarate with a meal and administration of B/F/TAF 2 hours before the antacid reduced the impact of the interactions. B/F/TAF was well tolerated alone or in combination with metal cation-containing medications. Co-administration of BIC and calcium/iron-containing supplements with a meal and administration of BIC 2 hours or more before aluminum/magnesium-containing antacids are some of the effective strategies to mitigate chelation effects on BIC exposure.This study was registered at NCT05502341/NCT06333808. DOI: 10.1128/aac.00781-25 PMCID: PMC12777568 PMID: 41313173 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: All authors declare employment and restricted stocks from Gilead Sciences, Inc.
15. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Nov 11;11(11):CD016307. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD016307. Magnesium supplementation for migraine prophylaxis. Rodriguez JP(1), Quarteroni E(1), Varela LB(1), Escobar Liquitay CM(1), Garegnani LI(1). Author information: (1)Cochrane Associate Centre, Universidad Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits and harms of magnesium supplementation for preventing episodic or chronic migraine in children and adults compared to usual pharmacological treatment or placebo. Secondary objective To evaluate the benefits and harms of magnesium supplementation in different groups, specifically in terms of equity-related characteristics such as economic status, age, or sex. Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD016307 PMCID: PMC12604082 PMID: 41216917 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: JPR: none known EQ: none known LBV: none known CMEL: none known LIG: none known
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