사프란 (눈)
Saffron (Eye)
📚 관련 논문 (19편)
1. Nutrients. 2024 Nov 20;16(22):3971. doi: 10.3390/nu16223971. Beneficial Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation in Restoring the Altered Microbiota and Gut-Retina Axis in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration-A Randomized Clinical Trial. Baldi S(1), Pagliai G(1), Di Glor
2. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2024 Mar 13;9(1):e001399. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001399. Saffron therapy for the ongoing treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Broadhead GK(1)(2)(3), Grigg J(1), McCluskey PJ(1), Hong T(2)(3), Schlub TE(4), Chu E(2)(3), Chang AA(5)(2)(3). Author information:
3. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):274-285. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.10.020. Epub 2022 Oct 26. An Eye-Tracking-Based Dichoptic Home Treatment for Amblyopia: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Wygnanski-Jaffe T(1), Kushner BJ(2), Moshkovitz A(3), Belkin M(4), Yehezkel O(5); CureSight Pivo
4. Front Immunol. 2023 Mar 22;14:1024120. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1024120. eCollection 2023. Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 randomized controlled trials. Long Z(1), Xiang W(2), He Q(3), Xiao W(2), Wei H(4), Li H(5),
5. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021;19(3):392-401. doi: 10.2174/1570159X18666200507083346. Pharmacological Effects of Saffron and its Constituents in Ocular Disorders from in vitro Studies to Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review. Sepahi S(1), Ghorani-Azam A(2), Hossieni SM(3), Mohajeri SA(4), Khodaverdi
1. Food Funct. 2026 Jan 26;17(2):889-901. doi: 10.1039/d5fo01924a. The effect of saffron supplementation on indices of oxidative stress, inflammation, mental health, and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hajhashemy Z(1)(2), Bagherniya M(2), Sadeghi O(3), Khorvash F(4), Askari G(5). Author information: (1)Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (2)Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (3)Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (4)Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. fkhorvash@gmail.com. (5)Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. askari@mui.ac.ir. Background: Regarding the antioxidant content of saffron, it could be beneficial for diseases linked to oxidative stress, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there were limited human studies on the efficacy of saffron supplements on PD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate this subject. Method: The current study is a triple-blind, randomized, parallel clinical trial, which investigated the effect of 100 mg d-1 saffron powder or placebo on 92 patients with PD for 12 weeks. The analyses were conducted based on an intention-to-treat approach. Results: The age and BMI (mean ± SE) were 68.36 ± 1.0 years and 27.09 ± 0.45 kg m-2, respectively. Comparing the mean changes of the saffron and placebo groups confirmed significant favorable effects of saffron on C-reactive protein (CRP) values (adjusted mean difference: -3.84 mg L-1 and 95% CI: -5.61, -2.08; PANCOVA < 0.001), distress (adjusted mean difference: -4.40 and 95% CI: -8.43, -0.37; PANCOVA = 0.03), anxiety (adjusted mean difference: -4.75 and 95% CI: -8.30, -1.20; PANCOVA = 0.009), depression (adjusted mean difference: -4.58 and 95% CI: -8.34, -0.81; PANCOVA = 0.01), cognitive status (adjusted mean difference: 0.78 and 95% CI: 0.16, 1.40; PANCOVA = 0.01), sleep quality (adjusted mean difference: 14.76 and 95% CI: 3.20, 26.32; PANCOVA = 0.01), fatigue (adjusted mean difference: -9.20 and 95% CI: -13.76, -4.65; PANCOVA < 0.001) and indices of quality of life including mobility (adjusted mean difference: -6.43 and 95% CI: -12.32, -0.54; PANCOVA = 0.03), daily activity (adjusted mean difference: -6.62 and 95% CI: -12.89, -0.34; PANCOVA = 0.03), cognitive impairment (adjusted mean difference: -8.07 and 95% CI: -14.39, -1.75; PANCOVA = 0.01), bodily discomfort (adjusted mean difference: -7.50 and 95% CI: -13.93, -1.06; PANCOVA = 0.02), and Parkinson's Disease Summary Index (PDSI) (adjusted mean difference: -4.86 and 95% CI: -7.48, -2.25; PANCOVA < 0.001). Additionally, the saffron group in comparison with the placebo group showed marginal decreases in the values of malondialdehyde (adjusted mean difference: -0.32 nmol mL-1 and 95% CI: -0.69, 0.03; PANCOVA = 0.07). No side effect was observed in the groups. Conclusion: The current analysis confirmed the efficacy of 100 mg d-1 saffron supplementation in patients with PD for 12 weeks. So, saffron supplementation could be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in the management of PD. DOI: 10.1039/d5fo01924a PMID: 41439298 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
2. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2025 Oct 21;11(1):88. doi: 10.1186/s40780-025-00495-6. Natural relief for premenstrual syndrome (PMS): a double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of PMSoff. Saghafi F(1), Zare P(2), Hatamizadeh N(3), Malmir M(4), Sahebnasagh A(5). Author information: (1)Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (2)Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (3)Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (4)Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (5)Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, North Khorasan Province, Iran. masoomehsahebnasagh@gmail.com. BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a prevalent and often debilitating health conditions affecting women of reproductive age. The natural PMSoff supplement contains several active ingredients, including spirulina, whey protein, calcium citrate, vitamin B1, chamomile, turmeric, marigold, lavender, saffron, valerian, and aftimoon. This clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of PMSoff, a natural supplement, in alleviating the symptoms of PMS. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized trial, women diagnosed with PMS were randomly assigned to receive either PMSoff or placebo. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of PMSoff on symptom severity, with secondary objectives focusing on safety and adherence. The primary outcome of this study was the severity of PMS symptoms, evaluated using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) questionnaire. The secondary outcome focused on the presence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a more severe and debilitating form of PMS. Symptom severity was assessed at multiple time points: pre-intervention, one month post-intervention, and two months post-intervention. RESULTS: Of the 255 randomized participants, 218 (85.4%) patients aged 14 to 30 years were enrolled and completed the clinical trial. No significant difference was observed between groups at baseline characteristics. Medication adherence in the first and second month of treatment was reported 72%. Following one month of treatment, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in DRSP scores compared to the control group (P-value = 0.043). This reduction became even more pronounced after two months of taking the supplement (P-value = 0.001). In patients with PMDD, a more severe form of PMS, a statistically significant difference emerged two months after the intervention (P-value = 0.04), indicating that the PMSoff was effective in alleviating PMDD-related symptoms, particularly during the second month of treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial were suggestive of the use of PMSoff in patients with PMS and PMDD to ameliorate its unpleasant symptoms, with sustained improvements observed over two months of treatment. Our findings suggest that PMSoff could be a viable alternative or adjunct to conventional pharmacological treatments for PMS and PMDD. Further studies are still demanded to explore the long-term effects, mechanisms of action, and broader applicability of this supplement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial Registry Date: 2025-03-02, Trial Registry number: IRCT20190810044500N30. © 2025. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1186/s40780-025-00495-6 PMCID: PMC12538989 PMID: 41121435 Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Study protocols were approved by the local Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Ethics ID: IR.SSU.MEDICINE.REC.1402.179). Following a health-screening questionnaire, all volunteers provided a written informed consent. Before the intervention, study protocol, benefits, and possible side effects were described for patients. Understandable written informed consent was obtained for all patients prior to participation in the study. This trial was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. Consent for publication: Consent for publication was agreed upon in the written consent forms signed by all subjects for publication of identifying information/images in a publication. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
3. Sleep Breath. 2025 Oct 22;29(6):325. doi: 10.1007/s11325-025-03508-8. Nutritional interventions and sleep quality in obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Ka S(1), Choe YH(2)(3), Kim YI(4), Kim N(4), Seo M(4), Choi Y(5), Park J(6). Author information: (1)Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Florida, FL, 32611, USA. (2)Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea. (3)School of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea. (4)Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. (5)Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea. choiyoungju0323@gmail.com. (6)Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. jonghoonp@korea.ac.kr. PURPOSE: Poor sleep is closely associated with obesity and contributes to hormonal dysregulation and weight gain. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of nutritional interventions on the sleep quality of individuals with obesity, focusing on strategies, such as calorie restriction, high-protein diets, and plant-based supplementation. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, covering publications from inception up to January 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing nutritional interventions and sleep quality were also included. The risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using Cochrane's ROB 2 tool, and a meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. The results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² statistic. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs involving 637 participants demonstrated that compared with the controls, the nutritional intervention significantly improved sleep quality (OR = 2.52, 95% CI [1.57, 4.03], P = 0.000). Specific interventions, such as saffron supplementation (OR = 11.10, P = 0.000), showed varying degrees of effectiveness. Long-term interventions (≥ 16 weeks) yielded consistent benefits, whereas moderate heterogeneity was observed (I² = 67.43%, P = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Nutritional interventions, especially those that include calorie restriction, high-protein diets, and plant-based supplementation, have the potential to improve sleep quality in adults with obesity. Long-term interventions (≥ 16 weeks) may offer the most effective benefits. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. DOI: 10.1007/s11325-025-03508-8 PMID: 41120739 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethical approval and informed consent: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process: No generative AI or AI-assisted technologies were used in the preparation of this manuscript.
4. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 Dec;122(6):1625-1635. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.09.050. Epub 2025 Oct 3. Effect of saffron extract supplementation on mood in healthy adults with subclinical symptoms of depression: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Amadieu C(1), Leyrolle Q(1), Farneti M(1), Anesi A(2), Bruchet E(1), Montet J(1), Dexpert S(1), Gaudout D(3), Mattivi F(2), Pourtau L(3), Castanon N(1), Capuron L(4). Author information: (1)University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France. (2)Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy. (3)Activ'Inside, Beychac et Caillau, France. (4)University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: lucile.capuron@inrae.fr. BACKGROUND: Subclinical depressive symptoms, including low mood, fatigue and anxiety, refer to clinically relevant depressive manifestations that do not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder. These symptoms affect quality of life and can lead to chronic mental health issues. Nutritional interventions, such as saffron extract supplementation, may help modulate mood and inflammation, potentially alleviating these symptoms. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the efficacy of a 6-wk saffron extract supplementation on mood in healthy individuals with subclinical neuropsychiatric symptoms and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involved 51 adult healthy individuals who received oral administration of either saffron extract or a placebo for 6 wk. The primary outcome was a composite z-score averaging standardized scores of depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-YA), and fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory 20). Secondary outcomes included neuropsychiatric scores, quality of life, inflammatory markers, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Amino acid derivatives were analyzed in blood samples. RESULTS: Saffron extract did not significantly affect the primary outcome of combined depressive, anxiety, and fatigue symptoms (z-score) nor individual symptoms. However, it improved autoperceived mental health, as reflected in increased mental health scores over time on the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 12 questionnaire, compared with placebo (mean at 6 wk: 53.8 ± 12.7 vs 44.6 ± 11.4 for placebo and saffron group, respectively; time × treatment, P = 0.04). There were no significant effects on inflammatory parameters or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Metabolomic analysis revealed that saffron extract significantly modulated N-acetyl-phenylalanine. CONCLUSIONS: Saffron extract supplementation do not affect subclinical depressive symptoms, either as a composite score or individual symptom categories. A potential effect on improved mental health outcomes cannot be excluded but requires further replication in future well-powered trials. This trial (Saffromfood study) is registered at clinicaltrial.gov as NCT05690126 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05690126?term=NCT05690126&rank=1). Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.09.050 PMID: 41047129 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
5. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2025 Sep 15. doi: 10.2174/0115733971383502250908065241. Online ahead of print. Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Saffron in Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mirfeizi SZ(1), Abdolahi N(2), Fatemi A(3), Aghaei M(2), Roshandel G(4), Damirchi M(2), Firoozabadi M(5). Author information: (1)Rheumatic Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, District 9, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. (2)Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. (3)Cardiovascular Surgery Research and Development Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. (4)Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. (5)Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Central Khorasan, Iran. INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder with a significant global impact. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for OA treatment but can have adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of saffron in patients with OA. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted in patients with OA aged 50 to 70 years. The intervention group received saffron tablets (containing 50 mg of saffron extract, administered orally once daily) for 12 weeks, while the control group received a matched placebo. Pain severity, physical activity, and levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha were assessed using validated measures and quantitative methods. NSAID treatment was monitored. RESULTS: The saffron group exhibited a significant decrease in IL-1β levels, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. Both groups demonstrated improvements in pain severity and physical activity scores. However, the saffron group exhibited a significant reduction in NSAID use over time. DISCUSSION: This study suggests that saffron may be an effective and safe supplement for managing osteoarthritis by reducing inflammation, improving symptoms, and lowering NSAID use. These results support previous research on saffron's anti-inflammatory properties. However, limitations such as a small, mostly female sample, high dropout in the control group, and self-reported adherence highlight the need for larger, more rigorous studies. CONCLUSION: Saffron consumption may have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in OA patients. Furthermore, saffron supplementation may reduce the need for NSAIDs, potentially minimizing associated complications. Further research is needed to explore the full benefits and mechanisms of saffron in OA management. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT2016091029777N1. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net. DOI: 10.2174/0115733971383502250908065241 PMID: 40965059
6. Food Funct. 2025 Aug 26;16(17):6817-6832. doi: 10.1039/d5fo00917k. A standardised saffron extract improves subjective and objective sleep quality in healthy older adults with sleep complaints: results from the gut-sleep-brain axis randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Lang L(1), Ditton A(2), Stanescu A(2), Jainani V(3), McArthur S(4), Pourtau L(5), Gaudout D(5), Pontifex MG(2), Tsigarides J(1), Steward T(2), Sami S(1), Muller M(1), Hornberger M(1), Vauzour D(1), Lazar AS(2). Author information: (1)Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. D.Vauzour@uea.ac.uk. (2)School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. A.Lazar@uea.ac.uk. (3)School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. (4)Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London E1 2AT, UK. (5)Activ'Inside, Beychac-et-Caillau, 33 750, France. Sleep disturbances are associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases and alterations in gut microbiota composition. Saffron (Crocus sativus) has been shown to improve sleep and modulate the gut microbiome, but its effect on sleep quality via the gut microbiota-brain axis remains largely unexplored. This randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study investigated the impact of four weeks of saffron supplementation (30 mg day-1) on sleep quality and gut microbiota in older adults (ages 55-85) with self-reported sleep complaints (N = 52). Subjective sleep quality was assessed using validated questionnaires, while objective measures were captured via an electroencephalography-based sleep tracker. Gut microbiota composition was analysed in a subgroup (N = 26). Saffron supplementation significantly improved subjective sleep quality (p = 0.02) and sleep efficiency (p = 0.04). Objective outcomes included reduced latency to persistent sleep (p = 0.003) and shorter sleep onset latency (p = 0.03). Microbiome analysis using linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) revealed significant increases in Faecalibacterium (q = 0.013), Lachnoclostridium (q = 0.045), Prevotella (q = 0.022), UBA1819 (q = 0.020) and Oscillibacter (q = 0.045), alongside a decrease in Dialister (q = 0.028). Univariate analysis further identified increases in Lachnospiraceae-UGC-001 (p = 0.020) and Roseburia (p = 0.03), with a reduction in Turicibacter (p = 0.045) in the saffron group. Correlational analyses revealed that Oscillibacter and UBA1819 were positively associated with subjective sleep efficiency (r = 0.63, p = 0.0007) and inversely associated with sleep latency (r = -0.39, p = 0.04). Alterations in in Dialister, Turicibacter and UBA1819 correlated with objective sleep quality parameters including wake duration, latency to persistent sleep and wake-after-sleep-onset. In summary, four-weeks saffron supplementation improved both subjective and objective sleep quality in older adults with sleep complaints, and modulated gut microbiota composition, particularly increasing short-chain fatty acids producing bacteria. These findings pave the way for further randomised controlled trials exploring the links between sleep quality and gut health and may help in devising new preventative strategies for age-related brain disorders. DOI: 10.1039/d5fo00917k PMID: 40762630 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
7. J Nutr. 2025 Jul;155(7):2300-2311. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024. Epub 2025 May 23. An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Lopresti AL(1), Smith SJ(2), Marx W(3), Díez-Municio M(4), Morán-Valero MI(4). Author information: (1)Clinical Research Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Health, Engineering and Education, College of Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Electronic address: adrian@clinicalresearch.com.au. (2)Clinical Research Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. (3)IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food and Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia. (4)Pharmactive Biotech Products SLU, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain. BACKGROUND: Saffron, derived from the stigmas of the Crocus sativus flower, has been shown in previous trials to have antidepressant effects in clinically diagnosed adults. However, the recruitment of small sample sizes, short treatment periods, and variability in the quality of studies have negatively impacted the strength of conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this 2-arm, 12-wk, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the effects of supplementation with a saffron extract (Affron) on mood and sleep in adults experiencing subclinical depressive symptoms. METHODS: Two hundred and two adults aged 18-70 with depressive symptoms were supplemented with 28 mg saffron daily or a placebo. Outcome measures included the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale - 21, Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment Scale, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Scale, and daily depression, stress, and anxiety ratings. RESULTS: On the primary outcome measure, compared to the placebo, saffron was associated with greater improvements in the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale - 21 depression score (β: -2.92 points; 95% confidence interval: -5.13, -0.71 points; Cohen's d = 0.39), with 72.3% of participants in the saffron group achieving a clinically significant change (a reduction of ≥ 7 points) compared to 54.3% of participants in the placebo group (P = 0.010). However, in the other secondary outcomes, there was no evidence of between-group differences. In exploratory analyses across various strata and assumptions, improvements in sleep disturbances (β: -2.72 points; 95% confidence interval: -4.99, -0.46 points; Cohen's d = 0.44) were identified in a subset of participants with a greater severity of sleep disturbance. There were no serious adverse reactions reported. CONCLUSIONS: This study, the largest conducted to date on saffron, provides evidence supporting the beneficial effects of 3 mo of saffron supplementation on depressive symptoms in adults. Large placebo responses were evident in this study, which require consideration in future trials. This trial was registered at Australian and New Zealand clinical trials registry as ACTRN12623001358639. Copyright © 2025 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024 PMID: 40414301 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of interest ALL is the Managing Director of Clinical Research Australia, a contract research organization that receives research funding from nutraceutical companies. ALL has also received presentation honoraria from nutraceutical companies. SJS is an employee of Clinical Research Australia. WM has received funding and/or attended events funded by Cobram Estate Pty. Ltd. and Bega Dairy and Drinks Pty. Ltd. WM has also received travel funding from the Nutrition Society of Australia, consultancy funding from Nutrition Research Australia and ParachuteBH, and speakers’ honoraria from VitaFoods, the Cancer Council Queensland, and the Princess Alexandra Research Foundation. MD-M and MIM-V are employees of the study sponsor, Pharmactive Biotech Products SLU.
8. Food Funct. 2025 Jun 3;16(11):4604-4614. doi: 10.1039/d4fo03396e. The effect of crocetin (a saffron carotenoid) supplementation on antioxidant and inflammatory indexes and serum leptin concentration in patients with coronary artery disease. Moeini Badi F(1), Bathaie SZ(2)(3), Borazjani F(4)(5), Hosseini SA(5)(6), Sheikhi MA(7), Shariful Islam SM(8), Ahmadi Angali K(9)(10), Taban Sadeghi M(11), Rahimi P(12). Author information: (1)Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. moeinibadifaezeh@gmail.com. (2)Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. bathai_z@modares.ac.ir. (3)Institute for Natural Products & Medicinal Plants (INPMP), Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. (4)Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. fa.borazjani@gmail.com. (5)Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. (6)Nutrition and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. seyedahmadhosseini@yahoo.com. (7)Department of Cardiac Surgery, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. mohammadalisheikhi2016@gmail.com. (8)Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. shariful.islam@deakin.edu.au. (9)Department of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran.kzfir4@gmail.com. (10)Social Determinant of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. (11)Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. m_r_taban@yahoo.com. (12)Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. prs.rahimi@gmail.com. Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common heart disease characterized by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries. Saffron, which is rich in active compounds, has strong antioxidant properties that help reduce free radicals and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of crocetin supplementation on antioxidant and inflammatory markers, as well as serum leptin levels, in CAD patients. Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in Ahvaz, Iran, 50 clinically diagnosed CAD patients, including men and women aged 40-65, were randomly assigned to two parallel groups to receive either one tablet of 10 mg crocetin (n = 25) or one placebo (n = 25) daily for eight weeks. The primary outcome was high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, and the secondary outcomes included the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), leptin levels, anthropometric measurements, and body composition. Both groups followed similar dietary and exercise regimens. Results: We found no significant differences between the intervention and placebo groups regarding C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as indicated by ANCOVA (P = 0.695). Similarly, ANCOVA results for leptin (P = 0.854), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P = 0.520), malondialdehyde (MDA) (P = 0.178), and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (P = 0.409) also did not show significant differences. However, a significant result was observed for catalase (CAT) (P = 0.008). The comparison of mean differences within the intervention and placebo groups showed clinical improvements for several measurements. Importantly, hs-CRP levels were -119.62 in the intervention group compared to -156.91 in the placebo group. Other mean differences included SOD (41.72 vs. -7.33), MDA (-0.99 vs. -0.16), AIP (-0.13 vs. 0.04), leptin (-1.86 vs. -0.09), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (-0.25 vs. 0.13), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (-0.24 vs. -0.01). Conclusions: Crocetin supplementation significantly improved inflammation, oxidative stress status, and leptin levels in CAD patients. Although further studies are needed to confirm these results in a larger population, crocetin administration may be recommended to prevent CAD. DOI: 10.1039/d4fo03396e PMID: 40400479 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
9. Nutr J. 2025 May 9;24(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s12937-025-01148-y. The effects of saffron supplementation on inflammation and hematological parameters in patients with sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Hassanizadeh S(1)(2), Alikiaii B(3), Rouhani MH(2), Talebi S(1)(2), Mokhtari Z(2), Sharma M(4), Bagherniya M(5)(6). Author information: (1)Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (2)Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (3)Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (4)Department of Social & Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA. (5)Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. bagherniya@yahoo.com. (6)Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. bagherniya@yahoo.com. BACKGROUND: Critically ill patients suffering from sepsis are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to its serious complications. Saffron as an herbal medicine has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects previously. Hence, this study aimed to determine how saffron supplementation affected inflammatory and hematological factors in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis. METHODS: In this double-blind clinical trial, 90 ICU sepsis patients with GCS lower than 13 were randomized to receive either an intervention tablet containing 100 mg of saffron or a placebo tablet containing 100 mg of corn starch for seven days. Before and after the intervention, clinical, inflammatory, hematological, and mortality parameters were assessed. RESULTS: After seven days, the saffron group showed a significantly decline from baseline compared to the placebo group in inflammatory markers, including CRP (-24.58 ± 22.16 vs. -2.42 ± 30.86; P < 0.001), ESR (-5.36 ± 28.75 vs. 24.29 ± 28.24; P < 0.001), IL-6 (-22.09 ± 25.22 vs. -4.02 ± 20.04; P < 0.001), IL-18 (-9.56 ± 9.31 vs. -0.89 ± 3.38; P < 0.001), and TNF-α (-2.52 ± 3.79 vs. -0.035 ± 2.35; P < 0.001). Regarding clinical outcomes, significant improvements were observed in APACHE II (-2.55 ± 5.47 vs. 0.78 ± 3.37; P = 0.003), SOFA (-1 ± 1.07 vs. -0.05 ± 1.53; P < 0.001), NUTRIC score (-1.2 ± 1.01 vs. 0.2 ± 0.87; P < 0.001), and WBC count (-4176.34 ± 4063.01 vs. 61.57 ± 4118.97; P < 0.001). Moreover, the effect sizes (Cohen's d) for these factors ranged from moderate to large, except for IL-6, which had a small effect size (d = -0.38). However, no significant differences were found between the groups in the Glasgow Coma Scale, FOUR Score, 28-day and 90-day mortality rates, or other hematological parameters (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Saffron administration in sepsis patients admitted to the ICU led to significant improvements in inflammatory markers and some clinical parameters. However, the clinical significance of these findings remains to be fully established. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT20201129049534N8. It was registered on 17 March 2024. © 2025. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1186/s12937-025-01148-y PMCID: PMC12063221 PMID: 40346613 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: It was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUI.MED.REC.1402.466). Written informed consent was obtained from all of the participants or their families. Consent for publication: All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed for all aspects of the work to be published. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest among the authors.
10. Depress Anxiety. 2024 Nov 11;2024:3661412. doi: 10.1155/2024/3661412. eCollection 2024. Effectiveness of a Saffron and Withania Supplement on Mood in Women With Mild-to-Moderate Anxiety During the COVID-19 Lockdown. Pages-García C(1), De Almagro MC(2), Ruiz-Moreno J(3), De Castellar R(4). Author information: (1)Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitario, Toledo, Hospitales de Madrid HM IMI Toledo, Unidad de Suelo Pélvico, Toledo, Spain. (2)Parc Científic de Barcelona, Laboratorios Ordesa S.L., Barcelona 08028, Spain. (3)Head of Biometry, Mixestat S.L., Barcelona 08021, Spain. (4)Clinical Research Unit, Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Ordesa S.L, Barcelona 08038, Spain. Background: A nutritional supplement based on medicinal plants (saffron and ashwagandha), tryptophan, and vitamin B6 could contribute to alleviating/improving mood and associated disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of this combination supplement. During the study period, participants underwent a period of forced home confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which represented an unexpected impact factor. Methods: This open-label prospective trial enrolled a cohort of female employees who reported mild to moderate anxiety. The primary objective was to evaluate changes in the level of anxiety using the adapted Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) after 12 weeks of regular supplementation with Safromotive (two tablets daily, for 12 weeks). The secondary objectives were to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and tolerability. Results: In total, 46 women with a mean age of 45.0 (6.5) years were included. A statistically significant improvement in HARS was observed, with a 7.5-unit decrease from baseline to 12 weeks (p < 0.0001) and from 4 to 12 weeks of supplement intake (p=0.0058). However, no significant changes were found during the lockdown period (between weeks 8 and 12 of the study). No relationship was found between women's sociodemographic characteristics and the HARS total score. A significant reduction in the HRQoL questionnaire score of 1.2 units was observed between baselines and 12 weeks of treatment (p=0.0273). At the end of the study, 78.6% of the women reported consistency the supplement intake during the study course. Conclusion: This nutritional supplement composed of saffron, ashwagandha, tryptophan, and vitamin B6 appears to improve anxiety and HRQoL, but confinement could have impacted the evolution of the outcome. Copyright © 2024 Cristina Pages-García et al. DOI: 10.1155/2024/3661412 PMCID: PMC11919007 PMID: 40226680 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: M. Cristina De Almagro and Roser De Castellar are employees of Laboratorios Ordesa S.L. The rest of the authors declare no conflicts of interest.
11. Nutrients. 2025 Feb 26;17(5):809. doi: 10.3390/nu17050809. The Effects of Combined Scutellaria and Saffron Supplementation on Mood Regulation in Participants with Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Dormal V(1)(2), Suchareau M(3), Copine S(1), Simar L(1), Deldicque L(1)(2). Author information: (1)Center of Investigation in Clinical Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Rue du Marathon, 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. (2)Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. (3)Comercial Quimica Masso, Viladomat, 321, 08029 Barcelona, Spain. Background/Objectives: The global prevalence of mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depression, has increased significantly, with rates further elevated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conventional pharmacological treatments, while effective, often lead to side effects that can impact patient adherence and quality of life. This has driven interest in safer, natural adjunctive therapies. Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) (saffron) and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) (scutellaria) have individually shown potential, in humans and animals, respectively, as mood regulators, with bioactive compounds that modulate neurotransmitter systems and possess anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects. This study aimed (1) to explore the efficacy and safety of scutellaria extracts in humans and (2) to test a possible synergistic effect when combining scutellaria and saffron on mood regulation in individuals experiencing mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 180 participants with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms were assigned to receive either scutellaria extract alone (SCUTELL'UP®), saffron extract alone (SAFFR'ACTIV®), a combination of scutellaria and saffron extracts (SAFFR'UP®), or a placebo for six weeks. The primary outcome was assessed using a standardized depression scale (Beck Depression Inventory). The secondary outcomes, including anxiety, emotional state, well-being level, and sleep quality, were all assessed using validated questionnaires. Safety and tolerability were evaluated throughout the study period. Results: The results confirmed the beneficial effects of saffron extract on depressive and anxious symptoms, as well as its role in improving sleep quality. For the first time in humans, scutellaria extract demonstrated a positive effect on mood regulation. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of the combination of these two extracts was identified, leading to enhanced improvements in depressive and anxious symptoms and emotional well-being among individuals with mild-to-moderate depression, compared to the placebo group. Minimal adverse effects were reported across all treatment groups. Conclusions: This natural adjunctive nutritional strategy offers a promising alternative for individuals seeking safer options for mental health support. Further research is warranted to exclude potential long-term side effects and to explore potential mechanisms of this combined supplementation. DOI: 10.3390/nu17050809 PMCID: PMC11901551 PMID: 40077679 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The funders participated in the setup of the study design and in the redaction of the publication. However, the funders had no role in data collection, analyses, and interpretation of the data.
12. Phytother Res. 2025 May;39(5):1883-1904. doi: 10.1002/ptr.8421. Epub 2025 Feb 11. Effects of Saffron Supplementation on Glycolipid Metabolism and Blood Pressure in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Zhang X(1), Miao J(1), Song Y(1), Miao M(1). Author information: (1)Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China. Saffron is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat conditions associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the conclusions of relevant clinical studies have been inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the impact of saffron supplementation on the metabolism of glycolipids and blood pressure in individuals with MetS and related disorders. Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase were comprehensively searched for studies investigating saffron supplementation for MetS and related disorders up to February 2024. Stata 17.0 was used to conduct the Meta-analysis. Twenty-five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this study, involving 1486 participants with MetS and related conditions. Compared to placebo, saffron supplementation triggered significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: -6.67 mg/dL; 95% CI: -10.55, -2.78; p = 0.001; I 2 = 50.0%), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD: -0.25%; 95% CI: -0.35, -0.14; p < 0.001; I 2 = 0.0%), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -4.77 mg/dL; 95% CI: -8.83, -0.71; p = 0.021; I 2 = 31.8%), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.15 mmHg; 95% CI: -1.66, -0.64; p < 0.001; I 2 = 41.8%), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: -1.61 mmHg; 95% CI: -1.88, -1.34; p < 0.001; I 2 = 7.0%). However, no significant changes were observed for homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). Saffron supplementation has an improving effect on FBG, HbA1c, TC, DBP, and SBP in patients with MetS and related disorders. Nonetheless, additional high-quality RCTs involving diverse ethnic populations are necessary to validate this effect. © 2025 The Author(s). Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8421 PMCID: PMC12087949 PMID: 39931766 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
13. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2025 Mar;177:106949. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2025.106949. Epub 2025 Jan 14. The effect of saffron supplementation on liver and kidney function, blood glucose and pressure in patients with diabetes and prediabetes: A grade assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zhang JW(1), Zhao Q(1), Li Z(2), Liu Q(3), Zang SS(4), Liu S(5). Author information: (1)Department of Geratology and Special Hospital Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University,Baoding, Hebei Province 071000, China. (2)Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China. (3)Department of Nephrology, Geratology and Medical Oncology，Xiong Xian Hospital, The Xiongan New Area, Hebei 071800, China. (4)Department of Geratology and Special Hospital Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University,Baoding, Hebei Province 071000, China. Electronic address: 13722261609@163.com. (5)Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China. Electronic address: Liusha0620@126.com. Saffron has been traditionally used for various health benefits, but its effects on biomarkers of liver function, kidney function, and blood pressure in diabetes are not well understood. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact of saffron supplementation on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), liver enzymes (ALT, AST), and kidney function markers (BUN, creatinine) in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing saffron/crocin supplementation on glycemic control, hepatic and renal function, and blood pressure regulation in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. Data were extracted and analyzed using random effects model to determine the effect sizes and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for each biomarker. The GRADE framework was employed to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Saffron supplementation significantly reduced SBP (SMD = -0.57, 95 % CI: -0.8 to -0.34, p = 0.036) with the high certainty of evidence, FBG (SMD = -0.57, 95 % CI: -0.93 to -0.22, p = 0.001) with the low certainty of evidence, and AST (SMD = -0.49, 95 % CI: -0.97 to -0.00, p = 0.049) with the low certainty of evidence. Other studied biomarkers were not affected significantly by saffron/crocin supplementation. Saffron/crocin supplementation is effective in decreasing AST, SBP, and FBG levels in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. However, it has no significant effect on ALT, renal function, and DBP. Our observed effect sizes on AST, SBP, and FBG are not clinically important. Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2025.106949 PMID: 39818282 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflict of interest to declare.
14. Phytother Res. 2025 Jan;39(1):465-479. doi: 10.1002/ptr.8380. Epub 2024 Dec 4. Crocin Supplementation on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bahari H(1), Shahraki Jazinaki M(2), Aghakhani L(3), Amini MR(4)(5), Noushzadeh Z(6), Khodashahi R(1)(7)(8), Malekahmadi M(9). Author information: (1)Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. (2)Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. (3)Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (4)Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (5)Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (6)Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (7)Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. (8)Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. (9)Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L. flowers. The yellow-orange color of saffron comes from crocin, a water-soluble carotenoid that can be ingested. Crocin is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. It is believed to affect inflammation and oxidative stress, making it a promising therapeutic option. However, research on its impact is inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the benefits of crocin supplementation and its specific effects on inflammation and oxidative stress markers. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted up to February 2024 in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science to find suitable randomized clinical trials (RCTs). All participants were adults who were supplemented with crocin as part of the study intervention. The selected trials were subjected to heterogeneity tests using the I 2 statistic. Random effects models were examined based on the heterogeneity tests, and the pooled data were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Of the 519 papers that remain after duplications were removed, 13 eligible RCTs were included in the present meta-analysis. Our findings indicated that crocin supplementation significantly reduced c-reactive protein (CRP) levels (SMD: -0.50; 95%CI: -0.86 to -0.13; p = 0.008), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (SMD: -1.96; 95%CI: -2.72 to -1.19; p < 0.001), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (SMD: -3.52; 95%CI: -6.84 to -0.20; p = 0.03). Also, crocin supplementation led to a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD: 1.48; 95%CI: 0.52 to 2.43; p = 0.002). Overall effect size showed that crocin intake failed to change the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly. Crocin reduces inflammatory markers and increases TAC. The effect of crocin on inflammatory markers was greater in a dose ≥ 30 mg/day and an intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks. However, more studies are needed for definitive conclusions. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8380 PMID: 39632602 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
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