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The Safety and Efficacy of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extracts and p-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

1. Nutrients. 2022 Sep 28;14(19):4019. doi: 10.3390/nu14194019. The Safety and Efficacy of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extracts and p-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Koncz D(1), Tóth B(1)(2), Bahar MA(1)(3), Roza O(4), Csupor D(1)(2)(4). Author information: (1)Institute o

Safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss.

2. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Nov 15;94(10):1359-61. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.07.137. Safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss. Bent S(1), Padula A, Neuhaus J. Author information: (1)Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, USA. bent@itsa.uc

Does the Time of Day Play a Role in the Acute Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise in Women? A Randomized, Crossover and Double-Blind Study.

3. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 26;14(23):5030. doi: 10.3390/nu14235030. Does the Time of Day Play a Role in the Acute Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise in Women? A Randomized, Crossover and Double-Blind Study. Gutiérrez-Hellín J(1), Del Coso J(2), Aguilar-Navarro M(1), Varilla

Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women.

4. Nutrients. 2022 Oct 17;14(20):4352. doi: 10.3390/nu14204352. Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women. Gutiérrez-Hellín J(1), Aguilar-Navarro M(1), Ruiz-Moreno C(2), Muñoz A(1), Amaro-Gahete FJ(3), Posada-Ayala M(4), López-Sa

p-Synephrine, the main protoalkaloid of Citrus aurantium, raises fat oxidation during exercise in elite cyclists.

5. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021 Sep;21(9):1273-1282. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1817154. Epub 2020 Sep 17. p-Synephrine, the main protoalkaloid of Citrus aurantium, raises fat oxidation during exercise in elite cyclists. Gutiérrez-Hellín J(1), Baltazar-Martins G(2), Rodríguez I(3), Lara B(2), Ruiz-Mor

Synephrine potentiates lidocaine-induced cutaneous analgesia via α-adrenergic receptors in male rats.

6. Physiol Rep. 2026 Mar;14(6):e70758. doi: 10.14814/phy2.70758. Synephrine potentiates lidocaine-induced cutaneous analgesia via α-adrenergic receptors in male rats. Chou AK(1)(2), Chiu CC(3)(4), Liu KS(5), Chen YW(6)(7), Hung CH(8)(9), Wang JJ(6)(10). Author information: (1)Department of Anes

Synephrine Synergistically Enhances the Capture of 4-Hydroxynonenal in Mice by Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside.

7. J Agric Food Chem. 2026 Mar 4;74(8):6815-6823. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14488. Epub 2026 Feb 19. Synephrine Synergistically Enhances the Capture of 4-Hydroxynonenal in Mice by Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Jiang X(1), Yang C(2), Wang Y, Wang J(3), Lu Y(2), Lv L(2). Author information: (1)School of

p-Synephrine, synergistically with Gastrodin, alleviates reserpine-induced depressive pathologies by binding to MT(1) receptor and activating ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway.

8. Phytomedicine. 2026 Jan;150:157757. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157757. Epub 2026 Jan 2. p-Synephrine, synergistically with Gastrodin, alleviates reserpine-induced depressive pathologies by binding to MT(1) receptor and activating ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway. Gao HL(1), Chen H(2), Zhang XY(3), Xu T

Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi): Botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of a frequently used traditional Chinese medicine.

9. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Jun 28;220:265-282. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.031. Epub 2018 Apr 6. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi): Botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of a frequently used traditional Chinese medicine. Yu X(1), Sun S(1), Guo Y(1), Liu Y(1), Yang D(1),

Cardiovascular toxicity of Citrus aurantium in exercised rats.

10. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2013 Sep;13(3):208-19. doi: 10.1007/s12012-013-9199-x. Cardiovascular toxicity of Citrus aurantium in exercised rats. Hansen DK(1), George NI, White GE, Abdel-Rahman A, Pellicore LS, Fabricant D. Author information: (1)Division of Systems Biology, Food and Drug Administrat

synephrine, a component of Evodiae Fructus, constricts isolated rat aorta via adrenergic and serotonergic receptors.

11. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Sep;111(1):73-81. doi: 10.1254/jphs.09077fp. Epub 2009 Aug 29. synephrine, a component of Evodiae Fructus, constricts isolated rat aorta via adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Hibino T(1), Yuzurihara M, Kase Y, Takeda A. Author information: (1)Tsumura Research Labo

Identification of anti-asthmatic compounds in Pericarpium citri reticulatae and evaluation of their synergistic effects.

12. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 May;30(5):567-75. doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.36. Epub 2009 Apr 13. Identification of anti-asthmatic compounds in Pericarpium citri reticulatae and evaluation of their synergistic effects. Shi Q(1), Liu Z, Yang Y, Geng P, Zhu YY, Zhang Q, Bai F, Bai G. Author information:

Effects of chemopreventive citrus phytochemicals on human P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1.

13. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 14;600(1-3):45-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.025. Epub 2008 Oct 21. Effects of chemopreventive citrus phytochemicals on human P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1. Nabekura T(1), Yamaki T, Kitagawa S. Author information: (1)Faculty of Pharmaceutical

Citrus aurantium--beware of the bitter orange.

14. S Afr Med J. 2008 Jul;98(7):496. Citrus aurantium--beware of the bitter orange. Louw VJ, Louw H. Comment on S Afr Med J. 2008 May;98(5):372-3. PMID: 18785379 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Bitter orange weight loss products may not be safe.

15. Health News. 2004 Dec;10(12):9. Bitter orange weight loss products may not be safe. [No authors listed] PMID: 15645567 [Indexed for MEDLINE]